前言:一篇好文章的誕生,需要你不斷地搜集資料、整理思路,本站小編為你收集了豐富的高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全主題范文,僅供參考,歡迎閱讀并收藏。
關(guān)鍵詞:一詞多義;一詞多用;as的用法;歸類(lèi);例句;例題
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):G623.31
在高中英語(yǔ)中,牢固掌握as的用法十分重要。為了更好地認(rèn)知、理解和運(yùn)用as,現(xiàn)就as的用法做一總結(jié)歸納,愿與共同商榷、改進(jìn)。
1. as做介詞
(1).好像(某人): He dressed as a policeman.
(2).當(dāng)作,作為:①. He treated me as a friend. ②. As a student, you should study hard.
2. as做副詞
as... as... 結(jié)構(gòu):用于副詞和形容詞之前,以構(gòu)成比較句型:He is as tall as his father.
注意:省略了的as:
以下舉例說(shuō)明:
The pianos in the other shop will be _____, but _____.
A.cheaper; not as better B. more cheaper; not as better
C.cheaper; not as good D. more cheap; not as good
本題考查形容詞的比較級(jí)用法。as+原級(jí)+as... 否定為:not as/so+原級(jí)+as... 根據(jù)上下文可采用省略形式,即可省略第二個(gè)as。該題題意是"另一家商店的鋼琴會(huì)便宜些,但不如這家商店的好。"可知but 后應(yīng)為否定的原級(jí)比較"not as good as those in this shop"。又因cheap的比較級(jí)形式是cheaper,不是more cheap, 故答案為C。
3. as做連詞
(1).在...期間,當(dāng)...的時(shí)候:。 I watched her as she combed her hair.
(2).由于,因?yàn)?。引?dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句:。 As you weren't there, I left a message.
(3).引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句 (=although),從句倒裝。
①.Child as he is, he knows a lot.?。?Although he is a child, ...)
②.Young as he is, he knows a lot.
③.Try as he may, I don't think he can succeed.
④.Much as I like the car, I can't afford it.
(4).如同,按照。引導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句。
①. When in Rome, do as Romans do.
②. Why didn't you catch the last bus as I told you to?
(5).引導(dǎo)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)句式,意為"......也一樣"。
Our eating habits have changed, as has our way of life.
所以上句可理解為:
Our eating habits have changed, and our way of life has changed, too.
再舉兩例:
She is tall, as are both her parents.
He is a doctor, as ____ his wife before she had children.
A. was B. is C. did D. does 答案:A
4. as作關(guān)系代詞
關(guān)系代詞是用來(lái)引起定語(yǔ)從句的。它一面代表定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的那個(gè)名詞(或代詞),一面又在從句中擔(dān)任一個(gè)成分,如主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ),表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)的關(guān)系代詞有:who, whom, whose, that, which.但在高中英語(yǔ)中,我們要特別注意:as也可以用作關(guān)系代詞。
關(guān)系代詞as:
(1).引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句,常和 the same, such, so, as 等連用:
①.Such books as you bought are very useful.
②.I have the same trouble as you?。╤ave)
③.It's as pleasant a film as I have ever seen.
④.She is so clever a girl as we all like.
注意:the same 后的關(guān)系詞還可為that, 試比較:
①This is the same book as you bought.(同一類(lèi))
②This is the same book that you bought.(同一個(gè))
(2).as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句和which 的區(qū)別:
位置:as引導(dǎo)的從句可以放在句前,句中或句尾, 而which引導(dǎo)的從句通常放句尾.
指代:as指代主句內(nèi)容,而which可指代主句也可指代先行詞.
語(yǔ)義:as可譯為"正如,正像",而which無(wú)語(yǔ)義。
①.As we all know, china is a country with a long history.
②.He opposed the idea, as could be expected.
③.Cyprus, as you know, is an island in the Mediterranean.
④.He gave me a book, which is about American history.
⑤.We have to go to school on Sundays, which we don't like.
破解:as與that:
現(xiàn)就針對(duì)一道選擇題來(lái)體現(xiàn)和對(duì)比as的關(guān)系代詞用法。
There was so big a stone______nobody could lift.
A.that B.which C.as D.so that
[解析]此題中,由題干中的so和四個(gè)選項(xiàng)可以看出,應(yīng)用有關(guān)so...that.../so...as...(as作定從的結(jié)構(gòu))。而不簡(jiǎn)單是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。所以B項(xiàng)排除,而D項(xiàng)so that表示①為的是,以便。②結(jié)果,因此。是一個(gè)連詞。從句法和題意上都不符,所以排除。
要在A、C兩項(xiàng)做出選擇,就要分析一下so...that...結(jié)構(gòu)和so...as...結(jié)構(gòu)中that和as用法的區(qū)別。
在so+adj+an/a+n.+that...(如此 ... 以致于)。such an/a+adj+n.+that... 中 that是一個(gè)連詞,在從句中不作任何成分。
eg.She told us so interesting an story that we all forgot about the time.
由此可見(jiàn):此題如果要選用so...that... 結(jié)構(gòu),題干中應(yīng)加 "it",因?yàn)閘ift缺賓語(yǔ):
There was so big a stone that nobody could lift it.
而在so+adj+an/a+n.as...結(jié)構(gòu)中,as則是前面所提到的關(guān)系代詞用法,引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,指代stone, 在從句中作lift的賓語(yǔ)。所以此題選C。
俗話(huà)說(shuō)熟能生巧。只要我們及時(shí)總結(jié),細(xì)心琢磨,潛心研究,一定會(huì)嫻熟掌握as的各種用法。
參考文獻(xiàn):
1.人教版高中英語(yǔ)教材
2.河北人民出版社《高中英語(yǔ)同步訓(xùn)練》
3.牛津高階英漢雙解詞典
[關(guān)鍵詞] 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞;屬性;功能;時(shí)態(tài);語(yǔ)態(tài);特性
英語(yǔ)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是貫穿整個(gè)中學(xué)階段的必修英語(yǔ)知識(shí)要點(diǎn):教育部制定的最新《義務(wù)教育英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2011年版)》在“語(yǔ)言知識(shí)分級(jí)目標(biāo)”中將“非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞”的部分內(nèi)容列為初中階段必修的英語(yǔ)“語(yǔ)言知識(shí)”,而與初中英語(yǔ)課程相銜接的《普通高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(實(shí)驗(yàn))》則將“非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞”的全部?jī)?nèi)容都增列為高中英語(yǔ)必修的“語(yǔ)言知識(shí)”要點(diǎn),并在附錄部分的“語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目表”中以顯著位置分項(xiàng)標(biāo)注。因此,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是整個(gè)基礎(chǔ)教育階段中學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的必修重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn),也是該階段各級(jí)各類(lèi)英語(yǔ)測(cè)試關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)和重復(fù)的考點(diǎn)。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是處于英語(yǔ)詞法中心地位的動(dòng)詞的一種特殊形式,是英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞理解與應(yīng)用的起點(diǎn)、支點(diǎn)和拐點(diǎn)。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不僅具有多維的形式功能,是構(gòu)成英語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)和語(yǔ)氣的必要條件,而且具備強(qiáng)大的表意功能,在句中可充當(dāng)多種句子成分,輔助謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞共同完成英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言的句法、語(yǔ)義和交際需要。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的核心要點(diǎn)可解析為環(huán)環(huán)相扣、層層遞進(jìn)的五個(gè)邏輯層面,即屬性、功能、時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)和特性,五位一體,展示出其區(qū)別于外部謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞屬性的普遍的共性特征和區(qū)分內(nèi)部彼此細(xì)微功能差異的獨(dú)特的個(gè)性特征(見(jiàn)表1)。
一、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的屬性
現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法一般傾向于將動(dòng)詞的形式概括為六種,即動(dòng)詞原形、三單式(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)中主語(yǔ)為第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)時(shí)的動(dòng)詞形式)、過(guò)去式、不定式(to+動(dòng)詞原形)、動(dòng)詞的-ing形式(包括傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)法中的動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞)和動(dòng)詞的-ed形式(過(guò)去分詞)。前三種可以獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ),通常稱(chēng)為“動(dòng)詞的謂語(yǔ)形式”或簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)為“謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞”;后三種不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ),通常稱(chēng)作“動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式”或“非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞”。顧名思義,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(Non-finite Verbs或Non-predicative Verbs)是一個(gè)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(Finite Verbs或Predicative Verbs)相對(duì)應(yīng)的語(yǔ)法概念,具有區(qū)別于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的另類(lèi)屬性和特征。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的內(nèi)在共性特征使其具備豐富的形式輔助功能、多維的句法修飾功能和強(qiáng)大的意念表達(dá)功能,是構(gòu)成英語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)和語(yǔ)氣的必備要件,是學(xué)習(xí)、理解、掌握和應(yīng)用英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)法支撐點(diǎn)和難度轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn),最終影響和決定英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)的精確度和嫻熟度。
二、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的功能
英語(yǔ)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在整體上具有動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞和副詞等多種復(fù)合跨界式詞性特征,可以在句中充當(dāng)除謂語(yǔ)之外的各種句子成分,即主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)等。具體情況如下:(1)不定式的基本功能。不定式在句中可以承擔(dān)除謂語(yǔ)外的其他六種句子成分。其中做主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)時(shí),習(xí)慣借用it作形式主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),將真正的不定式主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)后置。如:It’s not easy for adults to learn a foreign language. / I make it a rule to read English for 30 minutes every morning. 當(dāng)feel, hear, watch, notice, see等感官動(dòng)詞和have, make, let等使役動(dòng)詞后跟不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)習(xí)慣省略to,但變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)后要還原to。如:The program aims to let all the employees understand the culture of the company. / All the employees are let to understand the culture of the company. 作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),主要充當(dāng)目的或結(jié)果狀語(yǔ),作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)時(shí)常用于“so/such as to...”,“too...to...”或“be+adj.+enough to...”等固定結(jié)構(gòu)。如:I got up early to catch the first CRH to Shanghai this morning. / You are old enough to support yourself now.(2)動(dòng)詞-ing的基本功能。動(dòng)詞-ing形式在句中也可充當(dāng)除謂語(yǔ)外的其他六種句子成分。其中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),可充當(dāng)動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)、介詞賓語(yǔ)和系表結(jié)構(gòu)賓語(yǔ)。如:I enjoy reading. / This book is well worth reading. /We’re looking forward to seeing you. 當(dāng)動(dòng)詞-ing作賓語(yǔ)帶有賓補(bǔ)時(shí),一般用it作形式賓語(yǔ),將-ing賓語(yǔ)后置。如:We found it no use talking like that. 作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),主要充當(dāng)時(shí)間、原因、方式或伴隨狀語(yǔ)。如:Seeing him, I can’t help thinking of his father. / Being ill, I didn’t attend the exam yesterday. / The Children went home, singing and dancing.(3)動(dòng)詞-ed的基本功能。動(dòng)詞-ed形式的語(yǔ)法功能相對(duì)有限,在句中可充當(dāng)除主、謂、賓之外的其他四種句子成分。其中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)相似,如:The bowl is broken. 但表意不同,側(cè)重強(qiáng)調(diào)其邏輯主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài),因此作表語(yǔ)的-ed形式在很多詞典中常被列為形容詞。如:crowded, drunk, experienced, frightened, interested, learned, lost, pleased, satisfied, surprised, worried等。
三、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)
動(dòng)詞不定式和-ing形式有自己的各種時(shí)態(tài),用來(lái)明示自身動(dòng)作與句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之間的先后時(shí)間關(guān)系。不定式的常見(jiàn)時(shí)態(tài)有三種:(1)一般式(to do),其表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生。如:The fans watched their idol(to) play basketball the whole afternoon. / I decided to plant a forever-green tree next spring. (2)進(jìn)行式(to be doing),強(qiáng)調(diào)其所表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,且與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。如:She happened to be weeping when I knocked in. (3)完成式(to have done),其所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前。如:I am terribly sorry to have kept you waiting. 動(dòng)詞-ing形式的常用時(shí)態(tài)有兩種:(1)一般式(doing),強(qiáng)調(diào)其動(dòng)作伴隨謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。如:They wandered in the rain, enjoying each other for every minute.(2)完成式(having done),所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前,一般在句中作時(shí)間或原因狀語(yǔ)。如:Having lost my key, I rushed to ask for help here and there. 相比而言,動(dòng)詞-ed形式只有一種時(shí)態(tài),在時(shí)間上表示一個(gè)已完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。
四、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)
動(dòng)詞不定式和-ing形式有主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)之分,是其闡釋自身動(dòng)作與邏輯主語(yǔ)內(nèi)在組合關(guān)系的一種語(yǔ)義標(biāo)記。不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)依據(jù)其時(shí)態(tài)主要分為兩種:(1)一般式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(to be done),表示不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是該不定式所傳達(dá)的動(dòng)作的承受者。如:What is to be done next hasn’t been decided yet.(2)完成式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(to have been done),鑒于其含義和結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜性,在現(xiàn)實(shí)交際中使用較少。動(dòng)詞-ing形式的常用時(shí)態(tài)也有兩種:(1)一般式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(being done),表示一個(gè)與句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生的正在進(jìn)行中的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作,常用作定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。如:The car being repaired there is yours.(2)完成式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(having been done),表示一個(gè)發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作,在句中一般作狀語(yǔ)。如:Having been shown around the factory, we were taken into the exhibition hall. 動(dòng)詞-ed形式本身就表示一個(gè)與邏輯主語(yǔ)之間的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),因此沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
五、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的特性
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的特性是其彰顯彼此內(nèi)部語(yǔ)法差異和功能差異的獨(dú)有個(gè)性特征,是英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞教學(xué)、測(cè)試和應(yīng)用的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。
1.動(dòng)詞不定式的特性。不定式的主要特性如下:(1)不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu):“for/of + 名詞(或代詞賓格)+ 動(dòng)詞不定式”。其中的“for”表“對(duì)象”,for之后的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的邏輯主語(yǔ)。如:It is essential for us to make preparations for the opportunity. “of”表“屬性或特征”,of之前的形容詞表示不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)或特征。如:It is very kind of you to do so.(2)“疑問(wèn)詞+ 動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu):疑問(wèn)代詞或疑問(wèn)副詞后可加不定式構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ),整體功能相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞,在句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。如:How to prevent them from swimming in the river is a challenging problem.(3)不定式作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)的特殊搭檔:英語(yǔ)某些動(dòng)詞后必須跟不定式作賓語(yǔ),此類(lèi)動(dòng)詞常表各種主觀(guān)含義或愿望。如:agree, refuse; ask, want, demand; choose, decide, manage, plan, expect, promise, pretend; hope, wish, would like等。
2.動(dòng)詞-ing形式的特性。動(dòng)詞-ing形式的主要特性如下:(1)動(dòng)詞-ing的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu):“形容詞性物主代詞或名詞所有格+動(dòng)詞-ing”。其中的物主代詞或名詞所有格是動(dòng)詞-ing動(dòng)作的邏輯主語(yǔ)。該結(jié)構(gòu)與普通動(dòng)詞-ing功能相當(dāng),在句中常作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。如:Your smoking and drinking will do harm to others as well as yourself. 但在口語(yǔ)中,該結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),其中的物主代詞常改用人稱(chēng)代詞賓格,名詞所有格常用普通格代替。如:She insisted on Peter(Peter’s) going there first.(2)動(dòng)詞-ing作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)的特殊搭檔:allow, advise, forbid, permit; appreciate, consider, delay, enjoy, excuse, imagine, involve, miss (錯(cuò)過(guò)), mind, risk, suggest, practice, prevent, postpone, keep, succeed (in) , can’t help (忍不?。┑葎?dòng)詞后必須跟v-ing作賓語(yǔ)。但allow, advise, forbid, permit后若先跟人作賓語(yǔ),再需接非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作賓補(bǔ)時(shí),必須用不定式,即“allow, advise, forbid, permit + sb. to do”。此外,在“It’s no use/good/point...”固定結(jié)構(gòu)中也須跟動(dòng)詞-ing形式。如:It’s no use crying over spilt milk.
3.不定式與動(dòng)詞-ing的差異。兩者均可承擔(dān)六種句子成分,但差別如下:(1)不定式與動(dòng)詞-ing形式作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)時(shí)的區(qū)別。一般而言,不定式表示一個(gè)具體的一次性的動(dòng)作,動(dòng)詞-ing表示一個(gè)比較抽象或泛指的動(dòng)作。如:She likes playing the piano, but she doesn't want to play it today. 兩者作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)還需注意以下兩種異同:其一,下列動(dòng)詞既可跟不定式又可跟動(dòng)詞-ing作賓語(yǔ),但含義有別:forget, remember, regret(不定式表示的動(dòng)作“尚未發(fā)生”,動(dòng)詞-ing表示的“已發(fā)生或已完成”);go on, stop(不定式表示“去做另一件事”,動(dòng)詞-ing表示“繼續(xù)做同一件事”);try(不定式表“努力去做”,動(dòng)詞-ing表“嘗試著做”);mean(不定式表“計(jì)劃、打算”,動(dòng)詞-ing表“意味著”)。其二,下列動(dòng)詞既可跟不定式又可跟動(dòng)詞-ing作賓語(yǔ),且含義無(wú)甚差別:like, love, hate; start, begin; continue; prefer等,其中prefer主要用于固定結(jié)構(gòu)中,如:prefer (doing) A to (doing) B; prefer to do A rather than do B.(2)不定式與動(dòng)詞-ing形式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)的區(qū)別。不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)的動(dòng)作一般發(fā)生在句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后,動(dòng)詞-ing的動(dòng)作一般與句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。如:I have a paper to write. / The man writing a letter there is my instructor.(3)不定式與動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)的區(qū)別。不定式作賓補(bǔ)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是一個(gè)動(dòng)作的過(guò)程,而動(dòng)詞-ing表示其動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行中。如:I hear her(to) sing in the room. / I hear her singing in the room. (4)不定式與動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)的區(qū)別。不定式一般作目的或結(jié)果狀語(yǔ),而動(dòng)詞-ing多用作時(shí)間、原因、方式或伴隨狀語(yǔ)。如:I probed into the problem to see the truth. / Not receiving his reply, I e-mailed him again.
4.動(dòng)詞-ing與-ed的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。在上述動(dòng)詞-ing和-ed形式的基本用法中,兩者在句中均有與句子主語(yǔ)一致的潛藏的邏輯主語(yǔ),但有時(shí)它們也能擁有不同于句子主語(yǔ)的獨(dú)立的主語(yǔ),這種獨(dú)立的主語(yǔ)與動(dòng)詞-ing或-ed一起構(gòu)成“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”。如:Weather permitting, we’ll go mountain-climbing tomorrow. / Work finished, he went out for relaxing. 該結(jié)構(gòu)在句中一般只作狀語(yǔ),其時(shí)態(tài)要根據(jù)自身所表示的動(dòng)作和句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作所表示的時(shí)間關(guān)系來(lái)確定。此時(shí)應(yīng)注意兩點(diǎn):第一,獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的being或having been常被省略。如:The meeting (being) over, all left the room. 第二,作伴隨狀語(yǔ)的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)常可用with或without短語(yǔ)代替。如:With the work done(=Work done), she felt relieved. / He stared at me without a single word spoken. (= He stared at me, no word spoken.) 此外,There be句型也可使用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。如:There being no taxi at night, we had to walk to the hotel.
5.動(dòng)詞-ing與-ed形式的差異。兩者的具體差異主要體現(xiàn)在以下三方面:(1)邏輯語(yǔ)義不同。動(dòng)詞-ing形式表示主動(dòng)概念(與句子邏輯主語(yǔ)之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系),而及物動(dòng)詞的-ed形式表被動(dòng)概念。如:Seeing his mother, the baby began to cry. / Seen from the sky, the city looks like a playground. (2)時(shí)間向度不同。動(dòng)詞-ing形式所表示的是正在進(jìn)行中的動(dòng)作,而動(dòng)詞-ed形式所表示的往往是已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。如:China is the biggest developing country in the world while America is the biggest developed country in the world. (3)作形容詞時(shí)含義不同。動(dòng)詞-ing形式表“事物的客觀(guān)特征”,而動(dòng)詞-ed形式表“人的主觀(guān)感受”。如:I’m surprised by his surprising look. / I’m interested in this interesting movie. 綜上所述,動(dòng)詞-ing與-ed形式在用法上形成互補(bǔ)的對(duì)比關(guān)系:動(dòng)詞-ing形式表主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行或事物的客觀(guān)特征,而動(dòng)詞-ed表被動(dòng)、完成或人的主觀(guān)感受。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]David Nunan. Practical English Language Teaching: Grammar [M]. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press,2013.
[2]教育部.義務(wù)教育英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2011年版)[S].北京:北京師范大學(xué)出版社,2012.
[3]教育部.普通高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(實(shí)驗(yàn))[S].北京:人民教育出版社,2003.
[4]楊修平.基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中的虛擬條件句及其變體[J].教師博覽(科研版),2013,(7):8-10.
[5]卡拉里.柯林斯實(shí)用英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法(英漢雙語(yǔ)版)[M].朱亞軍,譯.上海:上海譯文出版社,2012.
[6]章振邦,張?jiān)孪?,趙美娟.新編高級(jí)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法[M].上海:上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社,2012.
【關(guān)鍵詞】 虛擬語(yǔ)氣 條件 方式 讓步 賓語(yǔ) 表語(yǔ) 主語(yǔ)
虛擬語(yǔ)氣歷來(lái)是大學(xué)生最感頭痛的一個(gè)問(wèn)題,在大學(xué)英語(yǔ)考試中出現(xiàn)的頻率極高。因此,大學(xué)生有必要對(duì)考題中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣有所了解。下面,我們就以歷年考題為例,加以分析、總結(jié)以及歸納,以期能找出虛擬語(yǔ)氣的規(guī)律性,使大學(xué)生對(duì)考試中的這一項(xiàng)目心里有數(shù),從而助大學(xué)生生一臂之力。
1. 條件狀語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣:在條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,虛擬語(yǔ)氣使用頻率非常高,可分為以下幾類(lèi)。
a)表示與現(xiàn)在情況相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣:這種虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示所說(shuō)的情況與現(xiàn)在相反,或者可能性很小。其常用結(jié)構(gòu)為:從句中用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式(be多用were),主句則用would(should,could,might)+動(dòng)詞原形。例如:If I knew the meaning of the word, I wouldn’t have to look it up.b)表示與過(guò)去情況相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣:在這種情況下,條件從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)(had + done),主句則用would(should, could, might )+ have +done. 例如:Had it not been for my illness I would have lent him a helping hand.c)錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句:在這類(lèi)句子中,虛擬條件句和主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致,這時(shí)主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)各自所指的時(shí)間選用適當(dāng)?shù)男问?。這屬于比較難一點(diǎn)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。例如:If I hadn’t stood on the ladder to catch you when you fell, you wouldn’t be smiling now.d)省略 if 而采用倒裝語(yǔ)序的條件句:這種虛擬條件句主要有兩種形式:一是把條件從句中的were, had,should等置于句首,引出從句而省略if;一是用were it not for +賓語(yǔ)、Had it been not for +賓語(yǔ)、 but that +從句這幾個(gè)不用 if 的條件從句,其意義是“要不是,若沒(méi)有”。例如:Were they to arrive before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party.e)含蓄條件句:有的時(shí)候,假設(shè)情況并不是通過(guò)條件從句來(lái)表示,還可以用介詞短語(yǔ)、上下文或其他方式來(lái)表示,其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也常常需要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。例如: He must have had an accident, or he would have been here then.f)省略結(jié)果的條件句:非真實(shí)條件句有時(shí)會(huì)省略掉結(jié)果主句,這時(shí)多表示一種不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,這時(shí)常用 If only 來(lái)引導(dǎo),意思是“要是……該多好呀”。例如:If only the committee would approve the regulations and put them into effect as possible.
2. 方式狀語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣:由as if 或as though 引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ),用過(guò)去時(shí)表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在情況有所懷疑;有時(shí),句中也用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去想象中的動(dòng)作情況。例如:He looked as if he hadn’t had a meal for a year.
3. 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣:一般來(lái)說(shuō),讓步狀語(yǔ)從句多由Whatever, whenever, wherever, no matter what/when/where/how,whether…or…引導(dǎo),從句中用動(dòng)詞原形表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣,而主句中則用陳述語(yǔ)序。例如:Whether she be right or wrong , she will have my unswerving support.
4. 賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣:賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的用法主要包括以下三個(gè)方面:
a)在表示愿望的動(dòng)詞wish之后的賓語(yǔ)從句中,需用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。賓語(yǔ)從句中用過(guò)去時(shí)表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反;用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示與過(guò)去的事實(shí)相反。例如:I wish I could have slept longer this morning , but I had to get up and came to class. b)在具有愿望、請(qǐng)求、建議、命令等主觀(guān)意愿的動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句中,需要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,形式為 should +動(dòng)詞原形或直接用動(dòng)詞原形。例如:My father didn’t go to New York; the doctor suggested that he not go there. c)would rather, would sooner用來(lái)表達(dá)主觀(guān)意愿時(shí),它們之后的賓語(yǔ)從句也需要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用過(guò)去時(shí)。 例如:I’d rather you didn’t take these important documents with you .
5. 主語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣:a)在某些表示愿望、請(qǐng)求、建議、命令等形容詞之后的主語(yǔ),需要使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,其結(jié)構(gòu)是should + 動(dòng)詞原形或者只用動(dòng)詞原形。這時(shí),我們一般用it來(lái)作形式主語(yǔ)從句,而把真正的主語(yǔ)從句放到句尾去,因?yàn)檫@樣做,可以避免句子頭重腳輕。例如:I don’t think it advisable that Tim be assigned to the job since he has no experience.b)在It is desired (suggested, proposed, ordered, demanded, recommended, required, requested, insisted, … ) 之后的主語(yǔ)從句中,也常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,謂語(yǔ)用should + 動(dòng)詞原形或只用動(dòng)詞原形。另外,這類(lèi)主句中的過(guò)去分詞都是表示主觀(guān)意義的。而且,這里我們也多用it作形式主語(yǔ)來(lái)代替較長(zhǎng)的主語(yǔ)從句。例如:It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios not be played after l l o’clock at night. c)在It is +n.+主語(yǔ)從句這一句型中,主語(yǔ)從句多用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。這種句型中的名詞主要有兩類(lèi):一類(lèi)是表示建議、請(qǐng)求、命令等含有主觀(guān)意向的動(dòng)詞的同源名詞。另一類(lèi)是表示遺憾、驚奇、懷疑等主觀(guān)看法的名詞。從句中的動(dòng)詞用should+動(dòng)詞原形或直接用動(dòng)詞原形。例如:It is my proposal that we put on a play at the English evening.
6. 表語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣:當(dāng)表示建議、請(qǐng)求、命令等主觀(guān)意向的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其后的表語(yǔ)從句要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用should+動(dòng)詞原形或直接用動(dòng)詞原形。例如:My order is that nobody get here later than eight o’clock tomorrow morning.
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1] 秦秀白,新世紀(jì)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)1-4冊(cè),上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社,2010.
[2] 張振久,英語(yǔ)應(yīng)用語(yǔ)法,北京,北京大學(xué)出版社,2009.
[3] H.D.Brown, Principles of Language Learning and Teaching,外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社,2005.
[4] 李陸桂,高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全,廣西師范大學(xué)出版社,2002.
級(jí)別:部級(jí)期刊
榮譽(yù):中國(guó)期刊全文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(CJFD)
級(jí)別:省級(jí)期刊
榮譽(yù):中國(guó)優(yōu)秀期刊遴選數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)
級(jí)別:省級(jí)期刊
榮譽(yù):中國(guó)優(yōu)秀期刊遴選數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)
級(jí)別:省級(jí)期刊
榮譽(yù):中國(guó)期刊全文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(CJFD)
級(jí)別:省級(jí)期刊
榮譽(yù):中國(guó)優(yōu)秀期刊遴選數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)