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( )1. Look at the sky! The mooncakes looks ______ the moon.
A. like B. like same
C. same D. the same
( )2. Who is heavier, Jack ______ John?
A. and B. with C. than D. or
( )3. Holly and I ______ calm.
A. both are B. are both
C. all are D. are all
( )4. ―I like playing football. ______?
―I like it, too.
A. What about you B. Can I help you
C. How do you like it D. How are you
( )5. Hi, Jack! Please give me ______.
A. three cup of coffee
B. three cups of coffees
C. three cup coffee
D. three cups of coffee
( )6. ―______?
―It’s 3 dollars.
A. How many is it B. What is it
C. How is it D. How much is it
( )7. ―What shall we do?
―What about ______?
A. go shopping B. to go shopping
C. go to shop D. going shopping
( )8. How many ______ do you want?
A. glasses of milk B. glass of milks
C. glasses of milks D milks
( )9. Maria is a ______ girl. She hardlytalks.
A. calm B. quiet
C. wild D. outgoing
( )10. I don’t think the joke is ______ e-nough.
A. interesting B. interested
C. interest D. interests
( )11. ______ there is no air or water, therecan be no life.
A. Though B. As
C. When D. Where
( )12. ―Could you please ______ the ra-dio? We can’t hear clearly.
―Sure.
A. turn on B. turn off
C. turn up D. turn down
( )13. It’s cold outside. You ______ to wear more clothes.
A. must B. should C. need D. can
( )14. You can ______ some sugar ______the milk. It will taste wonderful.
A. add; up B. add to; /
C. add; to D. add up; to
( )15. ―How do you like the dish?
―It smells ______. I like it very much.
A. terrible B. well
C. nicely D. wonderful
Ⅱ. 完形填空。
Every year____16____people get hurt or die in road accidents. ____17____can we make the roads safer? First, we must obey the traffic rules. For the drivers, they shouldn’t drive too____18____or drive after they drink wine. For the pedestrians(行人), they must be careful when they are walking on the road. In our country, traffic keeps on the____19____side of the road. So when we walk across the road, we must try to walk underpasses (地下通道)or footbridges. If there are no underpasses____20____footbridges, we must walk the crosswalk. We must stop and look____21____sides before crossing the road. Look left, look right, and then look left again. Only when we are sure that the road is____22____, we can cross it. Second, it is____23____to help children, old people or blind people____24____the road. Third, we must____25____play in the street.
( )16. A. thousand of B. thousands of
C. about five thousands
D. about five thousands of
( )17. A. How B. What
C. When D. Where
( )18. A. slow B. slower C. fast D. faster
( )19. A. middle B. up C. down D. right
( )20. A. and B. or C. also D. too
( )21. A. no B. all
C. both D. not
( )22. A. busy B. good
C. bad D. clear
( )23. A. good B. bad
C. easy D. difficult
( )24. A. across B. cross
C. crossing D. crosses
( )25. A. always B. often C. sometimes D. never
Ⅲ. 閱讀理解。
A
Dick is twenty-five years old. He works in a factory as a driver. He can do everything well so the boss pays him a lot of money. But he likes drinking and it brings him lots of trouble. He wants to stop drinking, but when he sees the wine, he can’t control himself and always drinks too much.
One day when he is walking in the street he meets Mike, one of his friends. They go to have dinner in a restaurant. Dick drinks too much wine. When they come out of the restaurant, Dick finds a wire pole on the side of the street. He comes up to it and begins to shake it. It surprises Mike and he asks, “ Dick, what are you shaking the pole for?” “I’m thirsty now and I want some apples,” says Dick. “Look, a lot of apples are falling down. Come to help me pick them up.”
( )26. Dick works in a ______.
A. shop B. bar
C. factory D. farm
( )27. Dick is a ______.
A. farmer B. teacher
C. doctor D. driver
( )28. The boss pays Dick much money be-cause ______.
A. the boss and Dick are good friends
B. Dick can do many things well
C. the boss is very kind
D. Dick can drink much wine
( )29. Dick begins to shake the wire pole be-cause ______.
A. he is very thirsty at that moment
B. there are many apples on it
C. he thinks it is an apple tree
D. he wants to do some sports
( )30. From the passage we can infer that______.
A. Dick’s friend is drunk
B. they pick up no apples
C. drinking causes a lot of trouble toDick’s boss
D. a wire pole is like an apple tree
B
Now satellites are helping to forecast(預(yù)報(bào)) the weather. They are in space, and they can reach any part of the world. The satellites take pictures of the atmosphere (大氣), because this is where the weather forms (形成). They send these pictures to the weather stations. So meteorologists(氣象學(xué)家) can see the weather of any part of the world. From the pictures, the scientists can say how the weather will change.
Today, nearly five hundred weather stations in sixty countries receive satellite pictures. When they receive new pictures, the meteorologists compare them with earlier ones.
Perhaps they may find that the clouds have changed during the last few hours. This may mean that the weather on the ground may soon change, too. In their next weather forecast, the meteorologists can say this.
So the weather satellites are a great help to the meteorologists. Before satellites were invented, the scientists could forecast the weather for about 24 or 48 hours. Now they can make good forecasts for three or five days. Soon, perhaps, they may be able to forecast the weather for a week or more ahead (提前).
( )31. Satellites travel ______.
A. in space B. above space
C. above the ground
D. in the atmosphere
( )32. Why do we use the weather satel-lites to take pictures of the atmo-sphere?Because ______.
A. clouds form there
B. the weather forms there
C. the weather satellites can do it easily D. the pictures can forecast the weather ( )33. Meteorologists forecast the weather_____.
A. without studying satellite pictures
B. before they receive satellite pictures
C. when they have received satellite pic-tures
D. after they have compared the newsatellite pictures with the earlier ones
( )34. Maybe we’ll soon be able to forecastthe weather for ______.
A. one day B. two days
C. five days D. seven days
( )35. The main idea of this passage is thatsatellites are now used in ______.
A. taking pictures of the earth
B. receiving pictures of the atmosphere
C. weather forecasting
D. doing other work in many ways
C
Waste can be seen everywhere in the school. Some students ask for more food than they can eat and others often forget to turn off the lights when they leave the classroom. They say the school can afford these things. But I don’t agree with them.
Waste can bring a lot of problems. Although China is rich in some resources(資源), we are short of (缺乏的) others, for example, fresh water (淡水). It is reported that we will have no coal(煤) or oil to use in 100 years. So if we go on wasting our resources, what can we use in the future? Think about it. I think we should say no to the students who waste things every day. Everybody should stop wasting as soon as possible.
In our everyday life, we can do many things to prevent waste from happening, for example, turn off the water taps(水龍頭) when we finish washing, turn off the lights when we leave the classroom, try not to order more food than we need, and so on. Little by little, everything will be changed. Waste can be stopped one day, if we do our best.
( )36. From the passage we know thatsome students often ______ in the school.
A. eat too much B. don’t work hard
C. waste things
D. throw rubbish everywhere
( )37. Which is not mentioned in this passage?
A. Fresh water. B. Forest.
C. Oil. D. Coal.
( )38. What may happen in 100 years?
A. We may still have enough oil.
B. We may still have enough coal.
C. We may only have junk food.
D. We may have no coal or oil to use.
( )39. Which of the following is right?
A. Waste brings problems.
B. Waste can bring no problem.
C. China is rich in fresh water.
D. Students never waste things.
( )40. Which is the best title of this pas-sage?
A. Stop Wasting B. School life
C. Waste in the School
D. Rich Resources in China
Ⅳ. 閱讀理解填詞。
School education is very important and useful. Yet no one can learn everything at school and a teacher cannot teach his s____41____everything they want to know. His work is to show his students h____42____to learn. He teaches them how to read a____43____how to think. So much more is to be learned outside school by the students t____44____.
It is always more i____45____to know how to study by oneself. It is quite e____46____to learn something, but it is difficult to use it to solve problems. Great inventors do not get everything a____47____school, but they still can m____48____many things and change the world a lot.
How can the inventors do all of these? One of the answers is: they k____49____how to study. A lot of things are not taught in the classroom. They got a lot o____50____knowledge by reading outside school. They work hard and never give up all their lives.
41. s_____ 42. h_____ 43. a_____ 44. t_____
45. i_____ 46. e_____ 47. a_____ 48. m_____
49. k_____50. o_____
Ⅴ. 書(shū)面表達(dá)。
上周日你和妹妹去看望你們的奶奶,奶奶給你們做了可口的牛肉三明治,你覺(jué)得奶奶做的三明治特別好吃。午飯后,你請(qǐng)奶奶教你做。請(qǐng)你描述一下這一天發(fā)生的事情,并根據(jù)下面的配料簡(jiǎn)單描述奶奶做牛肉三明治的過(guò)程。
Ingredients
2 slices of bread
1 teaspoon of butter
1 onion and 1 tomato
lettuce
4 slices of beef
2 teaspoons of relish
要求:1. 層次分明,條理清晰;
2. 50詞左右。
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
A) 根據(jù)句意和首字母提示,寫(xiě)出空白處所缺的單詞。
1. Would you please say it a ________?
2. Don’t forget to take an u________ with you when you go out. The radio says it’s going to rain.
3. My uncle bought me a new mobile phone as my birthday g_______.
4. Tom is going to be a doctor in the f_______.
5. His family live in the country. They have a big y________.
B) 用括號(hào)內(nèi)所給單詞的正確形式填空。
1. A lot of ________(visit) come to visit the Great Wall every year.
2. ―How did you go to work yesterday?
―I ________(drive) to work.
3. When they came back from Guangzhou, they bought some _______ (souvenir).
4. He fell off the tree yesterday. ________(luck) he was not badly hurt.
5. ―Who__________(win) the game the day before yesterday?
―Class One did.
Ⅱ. 單項(xiàng)選擇
1. I went to the beach. Where did you go _________ the school trip?
A. on B. to C. with D. in
2. If I have seven days _________ , I’d like to go to Beijing.
A. long B. off C. on D. with
3. I met the famous movie star and got his ________ yesterday.
A. autograph B. car C. wallet D. clothes
4. ―How was your school trip?
―We had__________.
A. funny to camping B. funny camp
C. fun to camp D. fun camping
5. The old man didn’t have anything ________ this morning.
A. ate B. eating C. to eat D. eat
6. Last Sunday we watched ________ at the zoo.
A. an elephant show B. elephant show
C. elephant’s show D. an elephant’s show
7. Finally, tired _________ happy, we took the subway back home.
A. with B. but C. or D. more
8. Every year we go to the beach ________ we can pick up the shells.
A. when B. on it
C. where D. in the place
9. Every one of us was very happy________ the end of the day.
A. at B. on C. with D. for
10. Tom and Ito the zoo and ________some tigers there yesterday.
A. go; saw B. go; see
C. went; see D. went; saw
11. It’s a pity you didn’t come along. It was fun ________a drive.
A. to go for B. going for
C. went to have D. went for
12. I think watching TV plays is ________ boring.
A. a kind B. a kind of
C. kinds of D. kind of
13. How _______ the weather when you stayed in New York?
A. is B. did C. was D. has
14. I got the first prize in last year’s __________ competition.
A. sing B. song C. singing D. songs’
15. ―Did you get up __________ this morning?
―No, I didn’t.
A. late B. lately C. latest D. much late
Ⅲ. 句型轉(zhuǎn)換按照括號(hào)內(nèi)的要求改寫(xiě)下列句子,每空限填一詞。
1. They went to an aquarium on Saturday. (改為一般疑問(wèn)句)
______ _______ _____to an aquarium on Saturday?
2. ―Did you see a movie yesterday evening? (作否定回答)
―_________,_________ _________.
3. She had some chicken and potato chips for supper yesterday. (改為否定句)
She_______ _______ _______chicken or potato chips for supper yesterday.
4. Zhang Min wrote to Li Gang yesterday. (對(duì)畫(huà)線(xiàn)部分提問(wèn))
________ ________to Li Gang yesterday?
5. He gave me a picture book in class. (對(duì)畫(huà)線(xiàn)部分提問(wèn))
_____ _______he___________you in class?
6. I bought a pair of shoes in the shop. (對(duì)畫(huà)線(xiàn)部分提問(wèn))
_______ __________you__________a pair of shoes?
7. The girl washed her clothes this morning. (對(duì)畫(huà)線(xiàn)部分提問(wèn))
_______ ________the girl____________this morning?
8. My sister did well in English. (改為同義句)
My sister_____ ______ _______English.
9. They didn’t tell me anything about it. (改為同義句)
They ____________me__________about it.
10. I was busy the day before yesterday. (改為同義句)
I___________a___________day the day before yesterday.
Ⅳ. 漢譯英根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)句子,完成英語(yǔ)句子,每空限填一詞。
1. 上次旅行中你們都做了些什么?
What ________you___________your last trip?
2. 上月底,我們參觀了水族館。
______ _______ ______ ______last month, we visited the aquarium.
3. 除了這些鯊魚(yú)外,你還能看到什么呢?
_______ _____can you see except the___________?
4. 他不在家時(shí)有他的信件嗎?
________ ________any letters for him while he __________ away?
5. 他們正在去往海灘度假的途中。
They are _______ _______ ________ ______to the beach.
Ⅴ. 動(dòng)詞填空用括號(hào)內(nèi)所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。
1. He __________(not see) a film yesterday evening.
2. Tom___________(do) his homework this morning.
3. His father__________(buy) a new computer for me last week.
4. The Kings_________(have) a big dinner just now.
5. ―Where________ Mr Green_________(go) last winter?
―He_________(go) to Beijing.
6. I__________(help) Nina with her maths.
7. My classmates and I_________(visit) the aquarium last Sunday.
8. The little girl __________(study) English this morning.
9. He __________(write) a letter to his family just now.
10. ―When_________Wang Ming_________(finish) his homework?
―At six yesterday evening.
Ⅵ. 補(bǔ)全對(duì)話(huà)從下面方框里選擇適當(dāng)?shù)木渥犹羁?,完成?duì)話(huà),使意思完整、通順。
A:____1_____
B: No, I went to the aquarium instead.
A:_____2____
B: No, there weren’t any sharks, but there were some really smart seals.
A: That sounds interesting.____3____
B: Yes, I enjoyed myself very much. By the way, where did you go, Michael?
A:____4___
B: Where do they live? And what was the weather like there?
A: They live in Hawaii.____5____
B: I think you had a happy trip.
A: That’s right. I played with my cousins happily.
A. You had a good time, didn’t you?
B. Were there any sharks in the aquarium?
C. Did you go to the zoo last Sunday, Jack?
D. The weather was very beautiful.
E. I went to see my grandparents and my cousins.
Ⅶ. 完形填空
One day during Mrs Smith’s visit with her daughter Jane, they decided to____1____a bus around the city for a couple of hours____2____the sights(風(fēng)景). Mrs Smith reminded(提醒) Jane that she was hard of hearing and that she might have to____3____things. Soon they started to move, the bus driver said, “Get your fares ready, please.”
Mrs Smith didn’t quite hear what he said.
“He asked____4____our fares ready,” said Jane.
A short while later the bus driver shouted to a passenger, “Don’t block(擁擠) the door. Let other passengers off.”
Mrs Smith wanted to know what he had just said. “The driver told that man ____5____the door,” Jane replied.
Many times when the driver told the passengers something, Mrs Smith would ask____6____, and Jane would repeat(重復(fù)) what she heard for her mother. Finally the driver said in a loud voice, “Does anybody have to get off at the next corner?”
Mrs Smith of course wanted a repetition(重復(fù)).
“He wanted to know____7____anybody has to____8____at the next corner,” was her daughter’s reply.
But Jane was so busy____9____everything____10____they forgot to get off. That “next corner” was their stop.
1. A. go B. take C. have D. by
2. A. to see B. to look
C. to look for D. to find
3. A. let her to repeat B. tell her repeat
C. ask her to repeat D. ask her repeat
4. A. us have B. we to get
C. we to have D. us to get
5. A. don’t block B. to not block
C. not block D. not to block
6. A. what did he say B. what he said
C. he said D. what he says
7. A. for B. because C. if D. why
8. A. get off B. get on C. get up D. get in
9. A. repeats B. to repeat C. repeating D. repeated
10. A. that B. so that C. so D. because
Ⅷ. 閱讀理解
(A)
Many people do not like to stay at home on holidays. They want to go out to see something different or do something interesting. So people from the country come to the city and people from the city go to the country for holidays. During the holidays, trains, buses and planes are all very busy. It is very hard to buy train tickets or air tickets, so many people take cars or buses for traveling.
Last May Day my family went to the country by car for our holiday. There was too much traffic on the road, so we had to move very slowly. It took us about an hour to get out of the town. After some time, we came to a hill. The hill was green and beautiful. We thought that was a good place for a picnic, so we stopped and took the food, fruits and drinks out of the car. We sat down and began to eat. Suddenly a strong wind blew and soon it started to rain. We had to run back to our car and have our picnic in the car. Then we drove back home. What a sad holiday!
1. Why do people go out instead of staying at home on holidays?
A. Because they want to see something different.
B. Because they want to see something interesting.
C. Because going out on holidays is very popular now.
D. A and B
2. Why do many people take cars or buses for traveling?
A. Because it’s too easy for people to buy the tickets.
B. Because it’s rather difficult to make the tickets.
C. Because they don’t worry about buying the tickets.
D. Because it is not easy to get the train or air tickets.
3. The writer and his family went to the country_________.
A. to have a picnic B. to visit their relatives
C. to eat in the rain D. to drive very slowly
4. When did they go for their holiday?
A. Last Monday. B. Next day.
C. Last May Day. D. Late March to May.
5. What did they think of their holiday?
A. Happy. B. Sad. C. Windy. D. Rainy.
(B)
Wang Ling had a travel to the city with her husband last week. After they came back home, her neighbors Zhang Hong, Liu Ying and Wang Lei came to see her. “What do you think of the city?” asked Zhang Hong. “There are some parks and many buildings there,” answered Wang Ling. “Where did you stay?” asked Liu Ying. “We stayed in a hotel,” answered Wang Ling, “We stayed there for five nights.” “How do you like the people there?” asked Wang Lei. “The people in the hotel were very friendly to us. When we met them in the hallways, they always nodded and smiled,” said Wang Ling. “The people in the city like saving electricity(電). When we came into a café, the lights were very dark.” Wang Ling took some drinks to her neighbors and went on, “The actors were the politest in the city. On the evening of the third day, we went to watch a play. The actors walked with their tiptoes(腳尖) when Zhang Bing was asleep in the theater.”
根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容,回答下列問(wèn)題。
1. Where did Wang Ling go last week?
2. How long did Wang Ling stay in the hotel?
3. Were the lights in the café bright?
4. What did Wang Ling give her neighbors?
5. Why was Zhang Bing asleep in the theater?
(C)
Mrs Smith often felt lonely(孤獨(dú)的) when her husband went to work. Their room was small and she often spent(度過(guò),花費(fèi)) half an hour tidying(收拾整齊) it. She couldn’t get up early in the morning. So Mr Smith had to cook breakfast himself. At noon she usually had some bread and milk for lunch and only cooked supper for herself and her husband. They did not have a TV set. Mr Smith always went to bed at nine.
It was a winter morning. The sun was shining(照耀,發(fā)光) and it was warmer outside than inside the room. So she idled away her time here and there in the street. The woman was sitting on the step of a shop, looking at the busy traffic(交通) when a man with a map in his hand was coming towards her.
“Excuse me, madam,” said the man. “Could you tell me how to get to the nearest hospital, please?” Mrs Smith looked at him up and down. “He seems as if to be(看起來(lái)好像) a farmer,” the woman said to herself. “Let me make a joke on him.”
Then she turned to him and said, “Lie down in the middle of the street and you will soon be sent to a hospital.”
“Please set an example(榜樣,示范) to me, then,” said the man.
She had to tell him the way and then she said, “I think you’ve been in the city for the first time. The city is much more beautiful than the field. Is that right?” “Yes, madam,” said the farmer with a smile on his face. “But I think it is built(建筑,建造) on the field!”
1. Mrs Smith was lonely when_________.
A. she was tidying her small room
B. she was cooking breakfast
C. she was staying at home alone by herself
D. she was cooking supper for herself and her husband
2. Mr Smith always went to bed at nine because________.
A. he was in poor health
B. he was very tired in the day-time
C. he had to cook breakfast the next day
D. he had nothing else to do in the evening
3. One day Mrs Smith went to a shop and sat on the step to_______.
A. look at the cars, trucks, mini-buses passing by
B. buy some cheap things in the shop to save a lot of money
C. enjoy the sun(曬太陽(yáng)) because it was cold in their small room
D. wait for her husband because she forgot to bring the key
4. The woman thought_________, so she was going to make fun of him.
A. the man was very poor
B. the man was a tourist who came from another country
C. the man came from a village
D. the man would ask her the way
5. Which of the following is true?
A. Mrs Smith made fun of the farmer, so he was very angry.
B. Mrs Smith got the farmer into trouble and he went to the policeman for help.
C. The farmer was quick-minded and he answered her wisely.
D. The farmer didn’t know how to answer the woman.
Ⅸ. 書(shū)面表達(dá)
根據(jù)下面的提示給你家鄉(xiāng)的朋友李剛寫(xiě)一封不少于80個(gè)詞的信。
你(王智)和你的同學(xué)李明上周日去參觀了北京動(dòng)物園。當(dāng)你看到游客的不文明行為時(shí),主動(dòng)上前制止。你們又參觀了Blue Water水族館,還看了海豚表演,中午12:00你們乘出租車(chē)返回家。
Key to Unit 8:
Ⅰ. A) 1. again2. umbrella3. gift4. future5. yard
B) 1. visitors2. drove3. souvenirs4. Luckily5. won
Ⅱ. 1-5 ABADC6-10 ABCAD11-15 BDCCA
Ⅲ. 1. Did they go2. No; I didn’t3. didn’t have any4. Who wrote
5. What did; give6. Where did; buy7. What did; do
8. was good at9. told; nothing10. had; busy
Ⅳ. 1. did; do on2. At the end of3. What else; sharks
4. Were there; was5. on a holiday trip
Ⅴ. 1. didn’t see2. did3. bought4. had5. did; go; went
6. helped7. visited8. studied9. wrote10. did; finish
Ⅵ. 1-5 CBAED
Ⅶ. 1-5 BACDD6-10 BCACA
Ⅷ. (A) 1-5 DDACB
(B) 1. She went to the city.2. Five nights.3. No, they weren’t.
4. Some drinks.
5. Possibly because he was not interested in the play.
(C) 1-5 CDACC
Ⅸ. One possible version:
Dear Li Gang,
How were you last Sunday? Where did you go? Did you have a good time?
It was sunny last Sunday. It is neither hot nor cold in autumn in Beijing. I visited the Beijing Zoo with my classmate, Li Ming. There were all kinds of animals in the zoo. The animals there were so interesting that all the people liked them. When I saw a visitor throwing food to the monkeys, I stopped him and said, “Animals are our good friends and we must take care of them. If the monkeys eat bad food, maybe they will fall ill, I think.”
We went to Blue Water Aquarium after we left the zoo. We stayed in the aquarium for a long time. We were very excited when we watched the dolphin show. We came back home at twelve o’clock by taxi. If you come to Beijing, I’ll show you around the Beijing Zoo.
Please write to me soon.
關(guān)鍵詞:英語(yǔ)教學(xué);導(dǎo)入;高效課堂;學(xué)習(xí)興趣
從小學(xué)升入初中,學(xué)生面對(duì)突然加大的學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù),負(fù)
擔(dān)比起小學(xué)重了很多,特別是英語(yǔ),更是成了大多數(shù)學(xué)生的“困難學(xué)科”。據(jù)學(xué)生反映,他們的課余時(shí)間有將近一半的時(shí)間在學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ),就是這樣也很難達(dá)到理想的效果。作為一線(xiàn)英語(yǔ)教師,我們?cè)鯓硬拍芤I(lǐng)學(xué)生輕松、高效地學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)呢?下面是我在教學(xué)實(shí)踐中的幾點(diǎn)做法,僅供大家參考。
一、設(shè)計(jì)精彩導(dǎo)入是保證課堂取得高效的前提
在學(xué)習(xí)新課之前,是否能激起學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)興趣直接影響新課學(xué)習(xí)的效果,要想激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣,提高初中英語(yǔ)課堂效率,我們教師就必須有目的、有針對(duì)性地設(shè)計(jì)精彩導(dǎo)語(yǔ)。例如在學(xué)習(xí)人教版新目標(biāo)英語(yǔ)八年級(jí)上冊(cè)(Go for it)中Unit 7 How do you make a banana milk shake?時(shí),我用一首歌曲導(dǎo)入,學(xué)生在獲取有聲信息的同時(shí),輕松地進(jìn)入課堂。然后大家非常興奮地學(xué)習(xí)“How do you make a banana milk shake?How many bananas do we need?How much yogurt do we need ?”等句子,這時(shí)我不失時(shí)機(jī)地引導(dǎo)他們結(jié)合自己對(duì)這部分內(nèi)容的掌握,列出本單元應(yīng)掌握的知識(shí)重點(diǎn),然后針對(duì)重點(diǎn)進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí),這樣他們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)這一單元的內(nèi)容時(shí)就輕松自如了,學(xué)習(xí)效率也大大提高。課堂導(dǎo)入的方法很多,教師可靈活選擇。例如,在學(xué)習(xí)新目標(biāo)新版初二英語(yǔ)中的Unit 6 I’m more outgoing than my sister,我用的是圖畫(huà)導(dǎo)入,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生觀察圖畫(huà);在教人教版初三英語(yǔ)的Book 5 Unit 3 Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes,我?guī)ьI(lǐng)學(xué)生先進(jìn)行discussing,討論在他們的生活當(dāng)中有什么是可以自己做主的。
二、引領(lǐng)學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)是促進(jìn)課堂取得高效的關(guān)鍵
過(guò)去的英語(yǔ)課堂,教學(xué)形式單一,教師講解強(qiáng)調(diào)知識(shí)點(diǎn)的記憶,學(xué)生死記硬背,課堂效率低下。要保證英語(yǔ)課堂取得高效,就應(yīng)讓學(xué)生成為課堂的主人,盡量將課堂時(shí)間還給學(xué)生,做到精講多練。比如學(xué)習(xí)人教版新目標(biāo)英語(yǔ)(Go for it)八年級(jí)上冊(cè)中Unit 8 How was your school trip?我沒(méi)有在一開(kāi)始就給學(xué)生分析講解一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài),而是先與學(xué)生進(jìn)行情景口語(yǔ)操練,talk
about somethingthe students did last week 。讓學(xué)生領(lǐng)會(huì)本單元的語(yǔ)言重點(diǎn),引出主要句型。接下來(lái)我就讓學(xué)生分組合作,自主對(duì)重點(diǎn)句型進(jìn)行練習(xí),通過(guò)反復(fù)練習(xí)運(yùn)用,讓學(xué)生能夠?qū)χ攸c(diǎn)句型熟練運(yùn)用。最后與學(xué)生一起分析本單元的重要語(yǔ)法、重點(diǎn)句型并進(jìn)行大量的口語(yǔ)練習(xí),再利用典型的題目進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn),讓學(xué)生鞏固掌握。學(xué)生在自主、合作、探究的過(guò)程當(dāng)中體驗(yàn)了學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)、運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)的快樂(lè),并感受到自主學(xué)習(xí)的成功喜悅,心理上獲得極大滿(mǎn)足。
總之,高效是現(xiàn)今社會(huì)所有行業(yè)所追求的,作為一名初中英語(yǔ)教師,我們也應(yīng)響應(yīng)時(shí)代的要求,不斷追求高效的英語(yǔ)課堂。教師應(yīng)該為學(xué)生創(chuàng)設(shè)良好的氛圍,提供能讓學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí),不斷實(shí)踐的機(jī)會(huì),打造高效的英語(yǔ)課堂,培養(yǎng)優(yōu)秀的英語(yǔ)人才。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]程曉棠,鄭敏.英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)策略:基礎(chǔ)外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究叢書(shū)[M].北京:外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社,2002-08.
一、新目標(biāo)英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力部分的特點(diǎn)和實(shí)際教學(xué)中存在的問(wèn)題
新目標(biāo)英語(yǔ)非常注重聽(tīng)說(shuō)能力的培養(yǎng),每單元中至少有5個(gè)聽(tīng)力訓(xùn)練,聽(tīng)力材料3篇甚至更多。在聽(tīng)力內(nèi)容的選取上賦予了較強(qiáng)的時(shí)代感,聽(tīng)力材料體裁以對(duì)話(huà)為主,聽(tīng)力設(shè)計(jì)豐富多彩,有如下幾種:聽(tīng)并把圖片和文字配對(duì);把人和圖配對(duì);把句子和人名配對(duì);聽(tīng)并連線(xiàn);聽(tīng)并排序;圈詞;回答問(wèn)題;補(bǔ)全句子;完成表格;給圖片標(biāo)號(hào);選擇、打鉤;判斷句子正誤;勾出聽(tīng)到的句子。其信息量大,詞匯覆蓋面廣,語(yǔ)境生動(dòng)豐富。
但從八下開(kāi)始生詞增多,語(yǔ)速加快,語(yǔ)境更加復(fù)雜化,有部分表格要填充的信息多,學(xué)生難以完成。再加上聽(tīng)力設(shè)計(jì)多,特別是Section A部分,基本以聽(tīng)力為主,許多老師把課堂變成了“滿(mǎn)堂放錄音”。聽(tīng)一遍學(xué)生不能完成任務(wù)就聽(tīng)兩遍、三遍……整堂課都是讓學(xué)生在聽(tīng)―做題―對(duì)答案的過(guò)程中渡過(guò),課堂形式單一。只注重結(jié)果的正誤,忽視了聽(tīng)力的過(guò)程和對(duì)聽(tīng)力材料的進(jìn)一步挖掘,因此失去了聽(tīng)力的本真。很多學(xué)生對(duì)這種聽(tīng)力課感到厭倦,有些學(xué)生產(chǎn)生了恐懼感,信心不足,甚至因此而放棄英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)。
為此,我認(rèn)為教師有必要對(duì)聽(tīng)力部分進(jìn)行整合和再設(shè)計(jì),加強(qiáng)策略指導(dǎo),以重樹(shù)學(xué)生對(duì)英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力的信心,從而增強(qiáng)英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力的教學(xué)效果。
二、聽(tīng)力部分再設(shè)計(jì)的原則
(一)階梯性原則。
聽(tīng)力過(guò)程應(yīng)由淺入深、由易到難。在課堂聽(tīng)力設(shè)疑時(shí),要從學(xué)生實(shí)際出發(fā),在設(shè)計(jì)練習(xí)的難度、深度上要有層次性。
(二)相關(guān)性原則。
教師設(shè)計(jì)的聽(tīng)力練習(xí)應(yīng)具有相關(guān)性,即教材內(nèi)容活化為實(shí)際生活,同時(shí)又能把實(shí)際生活引入教學(xué)過(guò)程之中,讓學(xué)生與聽(tīng)力材料產(chǎn)生共鳴,使他們聽(tīng)的興趣得以長(zhǎng)久持續(xù)。
(三)一致性原則。
在設(shè)計(jì)聽(tīng)力時(shí),應(yīng)結(jié)合教學(xué)實(shí)際,針對(duì)本單元教學(xué)的話(huà)題,圍繞一個(gè)中心或重點(diǎn)精心設(shè)計(jì)關(guān)鍵性的問(wèn)題,使之與本單元的下一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)相一致,連貫呼應(yīng)。事實(shí)上,每個(gè)單元的聽(tīng)力部分總是與下一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)緊密相關(guān)的或?yàn)橄乱粋€(gè)環(huán)節(jié)作鋪墊的。
三、聽(tīng)力再設(shè)計(jì)的形式
Mary Underwood提出了三段導(dǎo)學(xué)(three stages of teaching)模式:聽(tīng)前階段(pre-listening)、聽(tīng)時(shí)階段(while-listening)和聽(tīng)后階段(post-listening)。
(一)聽(tīng)前階段/準(zhǔn)備階段:根據(jù)圖片和相關(guān)話(huà)題,激活背景知識(shí)和已有經(jīng)歷。
這個(gè)階段雖是準(zhǔn)備階段,卻是很重要的階段。放聽(tīng)力錄音之前,應(yīng)讓學(xué)生先瀏覽一下內(nèi)容,從中捕捉一些信息,教師應(yīng)給學(xué)生適當(dāng)?shù)奶崾編椭?,包括引?dǎo)學(xué)生熟悉圖片和題目要求;提示關(guān)鍵性詞語(yǔ);根據(jù)相關(guān)話(huà)題問(wèn)幾個(gè)啟發(fā)性的問(wèn)題及淺易的熱身訓(xùn)練激活相關(guān)背景等。這可以給學(xué)生提供必要的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境,使之產(chǎn)生合乎邏輯的聯(lián)想,激發(fā)其“聽(tīng)”的欲望。
1.采用“頭腦風(fēng)暴法”引入話(huà)題,激活已知,引出生詞。
“頭腦風(fēng)暴法”是一種讓所有參與者在自由、愉快、暢所欲言的氣氛中交換觀點(diǎn),并以此誘發(fā)集體智慧、激發(fā)學(xué)習(xí)者創(chuàng)意與靈感的學(xué)習(xí)方法。其目的是向?qū)W生提供一個(gè)想象和思考的時(shí)間和空間,通過(guò)集思廣益,激活學(xué)生頭腦中各種相關(guān)的圖式,如想法、概念、形象和印象等。教師可以采用“頭腦風(fēng)暴法”引入話(huà)題,以激活學(xué)生頭腦中的相關(guān)知識(shí)和已有經(jīng)歷,使其對(duì)話(huà)題有初步的感知;同時(shí)幫助學(xué)生克服語(yǔ)言方面的障礙,掃除生詞,從而提高學(xué)生的聽(tīng)力理解能力和語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力。
在聽(tīng)力準(zhǔn)備階段運(yùn)用此法,能有效地激活學(xué)生頭腦中已經(jīng)學(xué)過(guò)的相關(guān)背景知識(shí)。如:在八年級(jí)上冊(cè)Unit 1 “How often do you exercise?”(Section A,1b)Listen and write the letters from the pictures above on the lines below.圖的內(nèi)容是有關(guān)幾項(xiàng)活動(dòng)的:watch TV,do some reading,do sports(exercise),go shopping,go skateboarding。橫線(xiàn)旁是幾個(gè)頻率副詞:always,usually,often,sometimes,hardly ever,never。其中的exercise,skateboard,hardly ever是生詞,如果直接讓學(xué)生聽(tīng)可以容易地得到正確答案,但不能充分挖掘教材文本資源,使學(xué)生得到充分訓(xùn)練。因此,在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)我進(jìn)行了如下再設(shè)計(jì):在導(dǎo)入時(shí)進(jìn)行頭腦風(fēng)暴:What do you do on Sundays?學(xué)生的思維馬上活躍起來(lái),一股腦兒地“倒出”已學(xué)的所有活動(dòng)單詞。接著我讓學(xué)生根據(jù)自己的實(shí)際生活情況結(jié)合頻率副詞和活動(dòng)單詞造句。E.g.I often watch TV on weekends.I never go skateboarding on school days.在此基礎(chǔ)上再讓學(xué)生聽(tīng)沒(méi)有就生詞障礙,對(duì)該話(huà)題已相當(dāng)熟悉,又操練了副詞和活動(dòng)詞匯,課堂也顯得有一種厚實(shí)感。
2.根據(jù)插圖引導(dǎo)相關(guān)話(huà)題進(jìn)行熱身,啟發(fā)學(xué)生思考,幫助學(xué)生預(yù)測(cè)聽(tīng)力內(nèi)容。
新目標(biāo)英語(yǔ)插圖豐富,大部分聽(tīng)力都配有插圖,圖上信息大都與聽(tīng)力有關(guān)。所以,可以充分運(yùn)用這些圖片引導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)行討論,為聽(tīng)力做熱身準(zhǔn)備。要求學(xué)生在聽(tīng)錄音前先弄清圖里的人物、姓名、性別、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、事情,做到心里有數(shù),等錄音播放時(shí),就可以胸有成竹,對(duì)號(hào)入座,免得“病急亂投醫(yī)”了。如:八年級(jí)下冊(cè)Unit 1 “Will people have robots?”(Section B,2a)Listen to Alexis and Joe.Number the pictures[1-3].由于三段對(duì)話(huà)都有點(diǎn)長(zhǎng),語(yǔ)速快,所以簡(jiǎn)單的題目對(duì)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)并不簡(jiǎn)單。在第一班上課時(shí)我直接讓學(xué)生聽(tīng)并標(biāo)號(hào),可是一連聽(tīng)了兩遍還是有一部分同學(xué)不能完成。于是在第二個(gè)班上課時(shí),我先讓學(xué)生看圖并討論:Look at the pictures.Who are they?(They are Alexis and Joe.)What are they doing?Picture 1:The boy is talking about the picture.Picture 2:They are thinking about their dreams.Picture 3:Maybe they are in a party.They are talking.這樣學(xué)生基本已經(jīng)對(duì)聽(tīng)力內(nèi)容有了一個(gè)正確的預(yù)測(cè)。在這個(gè)基礎(chǔ)上,再讓學(xué)生聽(tīng)。結(jié)果大部分學(xué)生聽(tīng)一遍就能得出正確答案了。
3.設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)渡性的任務(wù)作鋪墊,降低聽(tīng)力難度。
新目標(biāo)英語(yǔ)的每一冊(cè)中,幾乎都有一些聽(tīng)力對(duì)于相應(yīng)水平的學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)難度太大,不能完成。如八年級(jí)上冊(cè)Unit 6 “I’m more outgoing than my sister.”(Section B,2a)Listen.What do Holly and Maria like about their best friends?Fill in the chart.
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這一聽(tīng)力直接讓學(xué)生聽(tīng)并填表,難度很大,要填的信息太多。因此,我們可以在這一聽(tīng)力練習(xí)之前,先設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)過(guò)渡性的任務(wù):Talk about one of your best friends.What do you like about him/her?What is the same as him/her?What is different?這下學(xué)生的頭腦中就激活了相關(guān)話(huà)題的內(nèi)容,在這基礎(chǔ)上讓學(xué)生聽(tīng)并填空就不是不可能的任務(wù)了。
(二)聽(tīng)時(shí)階段/訓(xùn)練階段:重視培養(yǎng)學(xué)生聽(tīng)的技巧與良好的習(xí)慣。
這個(gè)階段是聽(tīng)力訓(xùn)練的實(shí)質(zhì)性階段,教師應(yīng)該訓(xùn)練學(xué)生一些聽(tīng)力技巧,這是提高學(xué)生聽(tīng)力理解水平的有效措施。由于課本中沒(méi)有這一提示,所以很容易被教師忽略。教師應(yīng)讓學(xué)生懂得,聽(tīng)力水平的提高不可能一蹴而就,只有穩(wěn)定情緒,持之以恒,不斷地、大量地聽(tīng),聽(tīng)的材料越多,時(shí)間越長(zhǎng),則聽(tīng)的效果就越好。學(xué)生在聽(tīng)的過(guò)程中可能出現(xiàn)各種各樣的錯(cuò)誤,教師要多鼓勵(lì)引導(dǎo),少批評(píng)指責(zé),盡量減輕他們的心理負(fù)擔(dān),使他們維持良好的精神狀態(tài),發(fā)揮正常的聽(tīng)力水平。聽(tīng)時(shí)要邊聽(tīng)邊記,強(qiáng)化記憶,記錄時(shí)要有重點(diǎn)、有技巧。如簡(jiǎn)單地做提醒記號(hào),在填寫(xiě)的時(shí)候只要寫(xiě)好該單詞的前幾個(gè)字母,以節(jié)省時(shí)間來(lái)聽(tīng)下一個(gè)空,錄音結(jié)束再補(bǔ)充完整。寫(xiě)完以后,檢查有無(wú)拼寫(xiě)或語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤,如be doing、第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)、單復(fù)數(shù)、大小寫(xiě)、比較級(jí)和過(guò)去式等都是學(xué)生較容易忽視的,必須加強(qiáng)指導(dǎo)。聽(tīng)對(duì)話(huà)和短文時(shí),要抓主旨大意,切忌偏重一兩個(gè)詞而忽視全文。同時(shí)要幫助學(xué)生糾正不良的聽(tīng)力習(xí)慣。如先將聽(tīng)懂的東西譯成漢語(yǔ),用漢語(yǔ)進(jìn)行思維理解,缺乏用英語(yǔ)直接思維的習(xí)慣,不能做到邊聽(tīng)邊理解,邊記憶。我們要引導(dǎo)訓(xùn)練他們將聽(tīng)懂了并且理解的信息聯(lián)系起來(lái)形成連貫的記憶,并且將全文要點(diǎn)通過(guò)一定的聯(lián)系有機(jī)地統(tǒng)一起來(lái)。
(三)聽(tīng)后階段/深化階段:聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、寫(xiě)融合訓(xùn)練,四項(xiàng)技能并進(jìn)。
這是聽(tīng)力訓(xùn)練的鞏固階段。語(yǔ)言教學(xué)的綜合性原則不僅強(qiáng)調(diào)教學(xué)方法的綜合,而且強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)言技能的綜合。該原則認(rèn)為聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、寫(xiě)四項(xiàng)技能既相對(duì)獨(dú)立,又相互聯(lián)系,要全面發(fā)展。即使是單項(xiàng)技能課,教師也要體現(xiàn)語(yǔ)言技能綜合性原則。因此,我們?cè)谝蕴岣呗?tīng)力技能為住的聽(tīng)力課上,也要根據(jù)實(shí)際,將它與說(shuō)、讀、寫(xiě)有機(jī)地結(jié)合起來(lái),既有側(cè)重,又全面發(fā)展。
1.聽(tīng)與說(shuō)結(jié)合。
我們既可以要求學(xué)生聽(tīng)后口頭回答問(wèn)題,進(jìn)行復(fù)述或針對(duì)課文內(nèi)容進(jìn)行討論,也可以先師生對(duì)話(huà),談?wù)撆c聽(tīng)力材料內(nèi)容有關(guān)語(yǔ)言方面和背景方面的話(huà)題,然后再讓學(xué)生聽(tīng)。
(1)編對(duì)話(huà)
利用聽(tīng)力設(shè)計(jì)和所聽(tīng)到的答案,進(jìn)行編對(duì)話(huà)。如八年級(jí)上冊(cè)Unit 10 (Section A,2b)Listen,what are Cheng Han’s plans for the future?Fill in the chart.
在填好表格后,我們可以進(jìn)行對(duì)話(huà)練習(xí)。
A:What is Cheng Han going to be when he grows up?
B:He is going to be an actor.
A:Where is he going to move?
B:He is going to move to New York.
A:How is he going to do that?
B:He is going to take acting lessons.
A:When is he going to do that?
B:He is going to finish high school and college first.
這樣,學(xué)生就自然地操練了重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法be going to,較好地鞏固了目標(biāo)語(yǔ)言。
(2)復(fù)述所聽(tīng)內(nèi)容
復(fù)述不是簡(jiǎn)單地背誦,而是對(duì)課文內(nèi)容進(jìn)行歸納、概括和總結(jié)。不僅可以幫助教師評(píng)估教學(xué)的效果,同時(shí)可以為學(xué)生提供鍛煉口語(yǔ)能力和寫(xiě)作能力的機(jī)會(huì)。有助于對(duì)對(duì)話(huà)或篇章內(nèi)容的理解,又有助于他們復(fù)習(xí)和鞏固所學(xué)的知識(shí)。如八年級(jí)上冊(cè)Unit 8 “How was your school trip?”1b.What did Tina do on her last school trip?Listen and circle the expressions in the box.在完成這一步之后,我讓學(xué)生再聽(tīng)并回答幾個(gè)問(wèn)題:
a)How was Tina’s school trip?
b)Did she go to the zoo?
c)Were there any sharks?
d)What else did she do?
在讓學(xué)生回答這些問(wèn)題后,請(qǐng)他們用自己的語(yǔ)言復(fù)述所聽(tīng)內(nèi)容。
T:Can you say something about Tina’s school trip?
Ss:Tina’s school trip was really fantastic.She went to the aquarium.There were some clever seals.She hung out with her friends and took lots of photos.It was a wonderful trip.
將聽(tīng)延伸到說(shuō),聽(tīng)說(shuō)結(jié)合,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的概括能力,進(jìn)一步落實(shí)課文。
2.聽(tīng)與讀結(jié)合。
在聽(tīng)力練習(xí)之后,可以結(jié)合朗讀訓(xùn)練,對(duì)提高辨音能力和形成語(yǔ)感、提高聽(tīng)力作用很大。如聽(tīng)錄音模仿,可以邊聽(tīng)邊逐句模仿,也可以在整個(gè)對(duì)話(huà)結(jié)束后,讓同桌回憶并模仿整個(gè)對(duì)話(huà)。長(zhǎng)期堅(jiān)持,學(xué)生的語(yǔ)音語(yǔ)調(diào)會(huì)有很大進(jìn)步。
3.聽(tīng)與寫(xiě)結(jié)合:結(jié)合聽(tīng)力部分,進(jìn)行寫(xiě)作。
在新目標(biāo)的教材設(shè)計(jì)中就滲透了聽(tīng)力與寫(xiě)作結(jié)合的理念。例1.Unit 9 “When was he born?”(Section B,2b)Listen,are these sentences about Midori or Laura?與3b.Look at the information in 2b.Write an article about Laura.進(jìn)行聽(tīng)寫(xiě)整合。例2.Unit 10 “I’m going to be a basketball player.”(Section B,2a,2b)How are they going to make their resolutions work?
Write what they are going to do.
與3b.Look at 2a and 2b on Page 62.Write a magazine article about Kim,Lucy and Manuel and their resolutions.等多處就運(yùn)用了這一理念,教師就可以充分利用這一資源進(jìn)行讀寫(xiě)整合。
四、結(jié)語(yǔ)
論文關(guān)鍵詞:說(shuō)英語(yǔ),課堂朗讀
英語(yǔ)作為一種交際工具, 其中“說(shuō)”的作用在交際上顯得尤為重要。學(xué)生中相當(dāng)一部分是由于英語(yǔ)成績(jī)不好而影響學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)。在英語(yǔ)課堂上表現(xiàn)得消極,不愿開(kāi)口說(shuō)英語(yǔ),影響進(jìn)行正常的課堂活動(dòng)。如果不想辦法改變這種狀態(tài),英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)就成了“一言堂”,枯燥乏味,就會(huì)直接影響教學(xué)效果。針對(duì)這種狀況,教師應(yīng)從學(xué)生的實(shí)際出發(fā),著重從以下幾方面培養(yǎng)學(xué)生開(kāi)口說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的良好習(xí)慣,建立學(xué)好英語(yǔ)的信心。
一、“聽(tīng)”與“說(shuō)”相結(jié)合的訓(xùn)練使學(xué)生能開(kāi)口說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。
(1) 培養(yǎng)“說(shuō)”的能力。從聽(tīng)入手, 先聽(tīng)后說(shuō)。英語(yǔ)課上教師要全英語(yǔ)授課,更要示范性的多說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。還可以利用中午學(xué)生活動(dòng)時(shí)間10-15分中,播放適合初中學(xué)生聽(tīng)的英語(yǔ),也可以在班會(huì)課讓學(xué)生觀看全英文的電影。但讓學(xué)生“聽(tīng)”之前, 教師一定要對(duì)較難的聽(tīng)力摘要內(nèi)容。學(xué)生在廣泛聽(tīng)的基礎(chǔ)上, 在語(yǔ)言的接觸中吸取大量積極而有用的詞匯。通過(guò)這種長(zhǎng)久“聽(tīng)”“說(shuō)”結(jié)合的強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練, 使學(xué)生能開(kāi)口說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。
(2)重視朗誦和背誦。朗讀和背誦使學(xué)生開(kāi)口說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的有效途徑。任何一種語(yǔ)言口語(yǔ)能力的形成都離不開(kāi)語(yǔ)言材料大量有效的輸入與積累。通過(guò)朗讀和背誦,可以在腦子里儲(chǔ)存大量有用的詞匯、短語(yǔ)、習(xí)慣用法;通過(guò)朗讀和背誦,可以了解英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的生活、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣、人文、歷史、地理知識(shí)等。讀得多了,背得多了,自然就形成了英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)感。語(yǔ)感一旦形成中學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)論文,好多句子就會(huì)脫口而出,頭表達(dá)能力也會(huì)隨之提高。
二、立足課堂訓(xùn)練強(qiáng)化學(xué)生開(kāi)口說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。
(1)“值日?qǐng)?bào)告”和“師生會(huì)話(huà)”來(lái)激發(fā)學(xué)生開(kāi)口說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。每節(jié)英語(yǔ)課教師利用幾分鐘時(shí)間要求學(xué)生用英語(yǔ)演講、對(duì)話(huà)或用英語(yǔ)講小故事,甚至是唱英語(yǔ)歌曲,形式通常是由學(xué)生自己決定,時(shí)間通常為3-5分鐘。 這種“值日?qǐng)?bào)告”可以營(yíng)造學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的氛圍,同時(shí)也可以活躍課堂氣氛。然后對(duì)于“值日?qǐng)?bào)告”中所涉及的見(jiàn)聞,談?wù)摰娜宋?,?ài)好、景色等進(jìn)行師生會(huì)話(huà),一般先安排英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)較好的學(xué)生,給其他學(xué)生做個(gè)榜樣。對(duì)于稍差的學(xué)生,教師要有意識(shí)地降低會(huì)話(huà)的難度,消除學(xué)生畏難情緒,讓每個(gè)學(xué)生在課堂能展現(xiàn)自己,有所收獲。
(2)組織口頭練習(xí)為主的課堂活動(dòng)加強(qiáng)學(xué)生開(kāi)口說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。例如,在學(xué)習(xí)《義務(wù)教育課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)實(shí)驗(yàn)教課書(shū)(新目標(biāo))》八年級(jí)上冊(cè)第六單元“How do you make abanana milk shake ?”一課時(shí),教師可以先在屏幕上出現(xiàn)各種水果。先請(qǐng)一名英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)較弱的學(xué)生說(shuō)出水果的英文名稱(chēng),其他學(xué)生聽(tīng)寫(xiě)所提到的英語(yǔ)單詞。然后,請(qǐng)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)較好的學(xué)生分別用課文中學(xué)過(guò)的單詞聯(lián)詞成句。最后,請(qǐng)英語(yǔ)成績(jī)好的學(xué)生看圖復(fù)述這種食物的制做步驟。通過(guò)這種層層深入的訓(xùn)練,因人而宜,循序漸進(jìn)地提高要求,調(diào)動(dòng)了全體學(xué)生積極參加課堂活動(dòng)同時(shí)也加強(qiáng)了學(xué)生說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的積極性。
(3)模仿和復(fù)述課文中的部分段落也是訓(xùn)練學(xué)生開(kāi)口說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的重要形式。如《義務(wù)教育課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)實(shí)驗(yàn)教課書(shū)(新目標(biāo))》八年級(jí)上冊(cè)第六單元,有個(gè)關(guān)于人物外貌,興趣等特征的描寫(xiě)。教師可以要求學(xué)生模仿這一段來(lái)描述身邊所熟悉的喜歡的家人或朋友。初中的學(xué)生對(duì)這種訓(xùn)練很感興趣,樂(lè)于開(kāi)口用英語(yǔ)來(lái)表達(dá)。教師也可以要求學(xué)生用不同的人稱(chēng)、時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)復(fù)述所學(xué)的內(nèi)容。老師可以按著故事的情節(jié)為線(xiàn)索,把重點(diǎn)詞、句寫(xiě)在黑板上,或以時(shí)間順序引導(dǎo)學(xué)生復(fù)述。教師也可以用簡(jiǎn)筆畫(huà),邊畫(huà)邊引導(dǎo)學(xué)生復(fù)述課文,避免學(xué)生死記硬背,有效幫助學(xué)生理解記憶,更有利于增強(qiáng)學(xué)生的開(kāi)口說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的能力。
三、倡建有效地課外活動(dòng)使學(xué)生樂(lè)于開(kāi)口說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。開(kāi)展一些說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的課外活動(dòng)。比如,定期召開(kāi)英語(yǔ)演講會(huì),關(guān)鍵詞,如何過(guò)渡和如何結(jié)尾等。其他的學(xué)生要準(zhǔn)備演講稿。在這準(zhǔn)備過(guò)程中中學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)論文,學(xué)生相互幫助,團(tuán)結(jié)協(xié)作,讓每個(gè)學(xué)生都進(jìn)入自己的角色,有聲有色地完成整個(gè)活動(dòng)。學(xué)生們?cè)⒄Z(yǔ)言訓(xùn)練于愉樂(lè)之中,鞏固了所學(xué)的知識(shí),開(kāi)口說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的能力也得到鍛煉。
培養(yǎng)學(xué)生說(shuō)英語(yǔ), 語(yǔ)言環(huán)境也非常重要。教師和學(xué)生一起可以布置一個(gè)充滿(mǎn)英語(yǔ)的環(huán)境??梢悦恐艹鲇⒄Z(yǔ)黑板報(bào),教室墻上可以貼英語(yǔ)標(biāo)語(yǔ)、英文地圖,教室書(shū)架上可以準(zhǔn)備英語(yǔ)報(bào)紙、英語(yǔ)雜志、英語(yǔ)閱讀等等,可以讓學(xué)生隨處見(jiàn)到英語(yǔ),隨時(shí)翻閱英語(yǔ)書(shū)籍。學(xué)期開(kāi)始讓每個(gè)學(xué)生取一個(gè)英文名字,英語(yǔ)課上, 教師叫英文名字,同學(xué)之間也互相叫英文名字, 這些都能創(chuàng)設(shè)一種濃濃的英語(yǔ)氛圍, 使學(xué)生渴望用英語(yǔ)交談??傊幻⒄Z(yǔ)教師,就如同交響樂(lè)隊(duì)的指揮家,組織學(xué)生進(jìn)行大量豐富多彩的訓(xùn)練, 從而逐漸培養(yǎng)學(xué)生開(kāi)口說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣。
參考文獻(xiàn):1.中華人民共和國(guó)教育部《英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)解讀(實(shí)驗(yàn)稿)》,北京市師范大學(xué)出版社,2002年
2.程玉根的“新課程下的英語(yǔ)朗讀教學(xué)策略初探”《中小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究》2010年第2期
3.程曉堂《英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)策略》,外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社,2002年
我結(jié)合這幾年的教學(xué)實(shí)踐,在整合教材方面做了一些探索且取得了一些成效。我認(rèn)為對(duì)于初中英語(yǔ)教材的整合應(yīng)從以下幾方面入手。
一、教師應(yīng)研究教材,做好教材與教材之間的整合
對(duì)教材進(jìn)行必要的整合,有利于調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的適應(yīng)性和積極性,拓寬學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí)面,調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的興趣。為了有效地開(kāi)發(fā)英語(yǔ)課程資源,溝通課內(nèi)外知識(shí)的聯(lián)系,提高英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)效率,教師可以嘗試開(kāi)展“重組教材,整合教學(xué)”的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí),通過(guò)教材與教材之間的課內(nèi)外學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容的整合,使教學(xué)內(nèi)容達(dá)到最優(yōu)化。例如我在進(jìn)行人教版新目標(biāo)七年級(jí)下的教學(xué)時(shí),由于所教的學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)水平稍高,大部分同學(xué)已經(jīng)學(xué)過(guò)《新概念1》,新目標(biāo)的學(xué)習(xí)對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō)顯然過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)單,很容易讓學(xué)生由于學(xué)過(guò)同樣的內(nèi)容而失去興趣,但學(xué)生的聽(tīng)說(shuō)能力顯然較差。針對(duì)這種情況,備課組教師多次討論協(xié)商,決定在學(xué)習(xí)《新目標(biāo)》的同時(shí),同步學(xué)習(xí)《展望未來(lái)》,通過(guò)補(bǔ)充學(xué)習(xí)資料,增補(bǔ)學(xué)生能夠接受的內(nèi)容,擴(kuò)大和拓展學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)范圍,促進(jìn)學(xué)生個(gè)性發(fā)展?!墩雇磥?lái)》重視對(duì)學(xué)生英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)和基本技能的培養(yǎng),采用輔導(dǎo)與練習(xí)結(jié)合的方式復(fù)習(xí)教材中的重點(diǎn)詞匯、短語(yǔ)及基本語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu),注重聽(tīng)說(shuō)能力的培養(yǎng),有意識(shí)地培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的聽(tīng)說(shuō)能力。同時(shí)《展望未來(lái)》和新目標(biāo)的許多話(huà)題內(nèi)容相似,對(duì)教材話(huà)題進(jìn)行延伸,豐富了教材內(nèi)容。兩套教材的同時(shí)使用,既激發(fā)了學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的興趣,又提高了學(xué)生的聽(tīng)說(shuō)能力,取得了良好的教學(xué)效果。
二、教師應(yīng)熟悉整個(gè)初中階段的教材,做好單元與單元之間的整合
現(xiàn)在的英語(yǔ)教材盡管沒(méi)有達(dá)到知識(shí)的系統(tǒng)性、完整性,但是具有知識(shí)的反復(fù)循環(huán)性。因此,在實(shí)際的授課過(guò)程中,教師應(yīng)該把單元間相聯(lián)系的內(nèi)容在備課中做到有機(jī)取舍和調(diào)整,以便于學(xué)生對(duì)于已學(xué)的知識(shí)在后面的學(xué)習(xí)中不斷得到鞏固、提升。例如人教版新目標(biāo)八下Unit6 How long have you been collecting shells?和Unit 9 Have you ever been to an amusement park?和新目標(biāo)九年級(jí)Unit14 Have you parked yet???這三個(gè)單元的內(nèi)容是聯(lián)系比較密切的,八年級(jí)下Unit6為現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),Unit 9為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)的學(xué)習(xí),新目標(biāo)九年級(jí)Unit14 Have you packed yet?也為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。在八下Unit6 How long have you been collecting shells?的教學(xué)中初步涉及了與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)for 和since的用法,為Unit 9 Have you ever been to an amusement park?的教學(xué)打下了基礎(chǔ)。在初學(xué)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上,我又結(jié)合新目標(biāo)九年級(jí)Unit14 Have you packed yet?的內(nèi)容讓學(xué)生了解yet,already等用法。通過(guò)這三個(gè)單元知識(shí)的整合,在語(yǔ)言的整體性上幫助學(xué)生建立起了比較完整的框架。在后面的學(xué)習(xí)中,就能降低學(xué)習(xí)的難度,采取鞏固系統(tǒng)的訓(xùn)練。
三、教師應(yīng)對(duì)每一個(gè)單元的內(nèi)容和學(xué)情做到心中有數(shù),做好單元內(nèi)的整合
教師應(yīng)根據(jù)不同的班級(jí)、不同的學(xué)生、不同的課堂表現(xiàn),做好課內(nèi)的教材整合。例如我在進(jìn)行新目標(biāo)八下Unit5 if you go to the party,you will have a great time第一課時(shí)的教學(xué)中,2a的聽(tīng)力要求為:listen and number the phrases in the order you hear them(聽(tīng)標(biāo)出你聽(tīng)到的順序),而2b的要求為listen again and answer the question(聽(tīng)并回答問(wèn)題)。對(duì)于學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō),2a的內(nèi)容過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)單,而2b的內(nèi)容有難度。針對(duì)這種情況,我在教學(xué)中把這兩個(gè)聽(tīng)力合二為一改編成為聽(tīng)并選擇正確答案,這一改變既提高了2a的難度,又降低了2b的難度,題型又符合中考的題型。再如八年級(jí)上冊(cè)Unit 8 How was your school trip?學(xué)習(xí)運(yùn)用動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式,很多教師都會(huì)通過(guò)讓學(xué)生直接背課文來(lái)檢查學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)情況,而我首先讓學(xué)生復(fù)習(xí)鞏固文章中的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ),然后通過(guò)問(wèn)答的方式,依次變?yōu)檫^(guò)去式,再借助箭頭將其連成一條信息鏈,使學(xué)生看著圖片和主要的動(dòng)詞,自然而然地在練習(xí)中進(jìn)入課文學(xué)習(xí),5分鐘之內(nèi)學(xué)生就可以順利地由看圖復(fù)述到不看圖的背誦了。課本并不完全等同于教材,《新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》對(duì)教材的定義是:凡是有利于學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)和教育教學(xué)的材料都可以稱(chēng)為教材或教學(xué)材料。教材也只是課程資源的一部分,而不是全部。書(shū)是不變的,而人是動(dòng)的,所以,教師在運(yùn)用教材時(shí)應(yīng)該首先考慮學(xué)生的實(shí)際情況,在教材的整合上因人而異。
一、初中英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)說(shuō)課教學(xué)的基本模式
《英語(yǔ)新目標(biāo)Go for it》聽(tīng)說(shuō)課基本上按照“先說(shuō)—后聽(tīng)—再說(shuō)”的流程組織教學(xué)。這種教學(xué)模式把“先說(shuō)”看作是聽(tīng)前活動(dòng),“再說(shuō)”看作是聽(tīng)后活動(dòng),聽(tīng)與說(shuō)互為語(yǔ)言的輸入與輸出。在教學(xué)中,教師可根據(jù)這一基本模式衍生出多種更具實(shí)效性、實(shí)踐性和操作性的聽(tīng)說(shuō)課教學(xué),歸納起來(lái)有以下5種派生模式:①先說(shuō)—后聽(tīng)—仿說(shuō)—延伸說(shuō)(一種較為完整的先聽(tīng)后說(shuō)模式,也是最常見(jiàn)的一種模式);②先聽(tīng)—仿說(shuō)—延伸說(shuō)(該模式主要針對(duì)內(nèi)容淺易且學(xué)生較熟悉的話(huà)題,以完整的聽(tīng)力輸入為主,可以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生自主聽(tīng)的良好習(xí)慣);③先說(shuō)—后聽(tīng)—仿說(shuō)—仿寫(xiě);④先聽(tīng)—后說(shuō)—再聽(tīng)說(shuō)(該模式集中于實(shí)際意義的聽(tīng)說(shuō),需要有良好的內(nèi)容題材和完整的人物設(shè)計(jì));⑤先聽(tīng)—后說(shuō)—仿說(shuō)—泛讀。
二、初中英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)說(shuō)課教學(xué)的要領(lǐng)
根據(jù)語(yǔ)言輸入和輸出理論,結(jié)合《英語(yǔ)新目標(biāo)Go for it》教材的特點(diǎn),筆者就初中英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)說(shuō)課總結(jié)了以下幾點(diǎn)教學(xué)要領(lǐng):導(dǎo)入要新,情境要真,分析要簡(jiǎn),以說(shuō)導(dǎo)聽(tīng),以聽(tīng)助說(shuō),聽(tīng)說(shuō)同題。
1.導(dǎo)入要新。即教學(xué)導(dǎo)入設(shè)計(jì)要新穎,并且能為教學(xué)目標(biāo)和教學(xué)重點(diǎn)服務(wù)。此外,導(dǎo)入設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)以學(xué)生的“舊知”為依據(jù),以“情景”為導(dǎo)向,引領(lǐng)學(xué)生自然進(jìn)入“新知”的學(xué)習(xí)。常見(jiàn)的導(dǎo)入方法有舊知復(fù)習(xí)導(dǎo)入法、生活話(huà)題導(dǎo)入法、“頭腦風(fēng)暴”導(dǎo)入法。
2.情境要真。即教師在設(shè)計(jì)教學(xué)任務(wù)時(shí)提供給學(xué)生的情境應(yīng)是自然的、相對(duì)真實(shí)的、貼近學(xué)生生活的。英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)指出:“要讓學(xué)生在真實(shí)的情境中體驗(yàn)語(yǔ)言和學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言。”因此,只有當(dāng)教師所創(chuàng)設(shè)的情境與學(xué)生的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)相符時(shí),才能激起學(xué)生的生活體驗(yàn),使學(xué)生迅速地投入到教學(xué)情境當(dāng)中。創(chuàng)設(shè)相對(duì)真實(shí)的情境應(yīng)滿(mǎn)足兩個(gè)條件:一要有信息溝;二要有目的。
例如,在執(zhí)教《英語(yǔ)新目標(biāo)Go for it》七年級(jí)上冊(cè)Unit 1 My name?蒺s Gina的Sec-tion B時(shí),利用句型“What?蒺s your tele-phone number?”練習(xí)數(shù)詞,可創(chuàng)設(shè)這樣一個(gè)情境:班里準(zhǔn)備編制一個(gè)全班通訊錄,請(qǐng)每組選派兩個(gè)人(一人問(wèn),一人作記錄)對(duì)全組同學(xué)做一個(gè)調(diào)查,調(diào)查內(nèi)容是本組同學(xué)家的電話(huà)號(hào)碼。這個(gè)情境的創(chuàng)設(shè)滿(mǎn)足了上述兩個(gè)條件:①調(diào)查與被調(diào)查的同學(xué)存在信息溝;②調(diào)查的目的是編制全班通訊錄。因?yàn)檫@個(gè)情境是現(xiàn)實(shí)生活的真實(shí)再現(xiàn),符合學(xué)生已有的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn),所以學(xué)生能很快回答出來(lái)。
3.分析要簡(jiǎn)。張振邦教授指出:外語(yǔ)的習(xí)得是一個(gè)從感性到理性的過(guò)程,中學(xué)生學(xué)英語(yǔ)首先應(yīng)該通過(guò)聽(tīng)說(shuō)讀寫(xiě)的實(shí)踐,接觸英語(yǔ),初步獲得語(yǔ)感,然后在大量語(yǔ)言材料的基礎(chǔ)上歸納出有規(guī)律的東西,這就是語(yǔ)法。對(duì)于在《英語(yǔ)新目標(biāo)Go for it》中每個(gè)單元Section A的1a—2c出現(xiàn)的語(yǔ)法知識(shí),可多采用歸納法(或歸納法與演繹法相結(jié)合)進(jìn)行教學(xué)。
例如,在執(zhí)教《英語(yǔ)新目標(biāo)Go for it》七年級(jí)下冊(cè)Unit 5 I?蒺m watching TV的Section A時(shí),文章出現(xiàn)的語(yǔ)法為現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),我們可以按照“觀察—發(fā)現(xiàn)—討論—?dú)w納—鞏固—運(yùn)用”的步驟進(jìn)行教學(xué)?,F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成與用法以及現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成的歸納都很簡(jiǎn)單、精煉,老師的分析和講解起到了“畫(huà)龍點(diǎn)睛”的效果,“分析要簡(jiǎn)”在這個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)得到了充分的體現(xiàn)。
4.以說(shuō)導(dǎo)聽(tīng)。即在“先說(shuō)—后聽(tīng)—再說(shuō)”的教學(xué)模式中,“先說(shuō)”被看作是聽(tīng)前活動(dòng),圍繞聽(tīng)說(shuō)共同的話(huà)題,通過(guò)說(shuō)的活動(dòng),導(dǎo)出聽(tīng)的活動(dòng)?!跋日f(shuō)”的活動(dòng)主要有引入新課話(huà)題、在語(yǔ)境中學(xué)習(xí)詞匯和句型、通過(guò)有關(guān)活動(dòng)熟悉和練習(xí)新句型、提供“聽(tīng)”的背景知識(shí)、預(yù)測(cè)“聽(tīng)”的內(nèi)容等。
例如,在執(zhí)教《英語(yǔ)新目標(biāo)Go for it》八年級(jí)上冊(cè)Unit 10 I?蒺m going to be a bas-
ketball player的Section A時(shí),我們可以先引出有關(guān)“職業(yè)”的英語(yǔ)單詞,在對(duì)新單詞進(jìn)行音形義處理的過(guò)程中輸入含有新語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)“be going to”的句子,讓學(xué)生通過(guò)觀察、發(fā)現(xiàn)、討論,歸納出“be going to”的用法,然后再進(jìn)行練習(xí),最后通過(guò)討論引出“聽(tīng)”的話(huà)題,并就“聽(tīng)”的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè),從而實(shí)現(xiàn)“以說(shuō)導(dǎo)聽(tīng)”。
5.以聽(tīng)助說(shuō)。即在“先說(shuō)—后聽(tīng)—再說(shuō)”的教學(xué)模式中,“再說(shuō)”可以被看作是聽(tīng)后活動(dòng),圍繞聽(tīng)說(shuō)共同的話(huà)題,通過(guò)“聽(tīng)”的活動(dòng),導(dǎo)出“再說(shuō)”的活動(dòng)。在“以聽(tīng)助說(shuō)”這個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),“聽(tīng)”的活動(dòng)通常為“三聽(tīng)”,那就是初聽(tīng)大意,再聽(tīng)細(xì)節(jié),三聽(tīng)解惑。
6.聽(tīng)說(shuō)同題。即在“先說(shuō)—后聽(tīng)—再說(shuō)”教學(xué)模式中,聽(tīng)說(shuō)都借助本單元的語(yǔ)法知識(shí),圍繞本單元的話(huà)題,開(kāi)展聽(tīng)與說(shuō)的活動(dòng)?!奥?tīng)”主要是語(yǔ)言的輸入,“說(shuō)”主要是語(yǔ)言的輸出。筆者認(rèn)為,在“先說(shuō)—后聽(tīng)—再說(shuō)”教學(xué)模式中,“聽(tīng)”“說(shuō)”互為語(yǔ)言輸入和輸出活動(dòng),“先說(shuō)”是為了“聽(tīng)”,“聽(tīng)”是為了更好地“再說(shuō)”。然而,“先說(shuō)”通常為控制性的說(shuō),“再說(shuō)”為半控制性的說(shuō)和非控制性的說(shuō)。聽(tīng)說(shuō)同題強(qiáng)調(diào)的是語(yǔ)言輸入與輸出的一致性。例如,上文提到的教學(xué)《英語(yǔ)新目標(biāo)Go for it》八年級(jí)上冊(cè)Unit 10 Section A部分,聽(tīng)與說(shuō)的話(huà)題都是談?wù)撐磥?lái)的計(jì)劃,運(yùn)用到的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)都是“be going to ”,用到的詞匯都與職業(yè)相關(guān)。
三、設(shè)計(jì)聽(tīng)說(shuō)課教學(xué)活動(dòng)應(yīng)遵循的原則
1.趣味性。活動(dòng)必須符合學(xué)生的心理和年齡特征,引起學(xué)生學(xué)英語(yǔ)的興趣。如利用“傳聲筒”的形式練習(xí)“直接引語(yǔ)”變“間接引語(yǔ)”,活動(dòng)過(guò)程可設(shè)計(jì)如下:
①The teacher writes information on some pieces of paper.
②The class is divided into 4 groups and each group is given a piece of paper.
③After S1 reads it,S2 asks:
S2:What did the teacher ask you?
S1:He / She asked me where you had your breakfast.
……
“直接引語(yǔ)”變“間接引語(yǔ)”的練習(xí),用“傳聲筒”的形式很有趣,課堂氛圍很活躍。
2.關(guān)聯(lián)性。教學(xué)時(shí)開(kāi)展的活動(dòng)與活動(dòng)之間要互為關(guān)聯(lián),且排序合理,以保證活動(dòng)開(kāi)展得充分有效。有時(shí)教學(xué)需要根據(jù)內(nèi)容擴(kuò)展活動(dòng)的步驟,增加幾個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),降低活動(dòng)的難度,以確?;顒?dòng)穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)。
3.實(shí)效性。教學(xué)活動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì)與組織,重在“有效”二字。因此,設(shè)計(jì)的教學(xué)活動(dòng)必須以提高學(xué)生的認(rèn)知水平和交際能力為目的,切忌為“設(shè)計(jì)”而設(shè)計(jì),為“活動(dòng)”而活動(dòng)。
4.目的性?;顒?dòng)的開(kāi)展必須圍繞教學(xué)目標(biāo)的達(dá)成。有時(shí)在課堂上要求學(xué)生做一些動(dòng)手的練習(xí),千萬(wàn)不要把它上成實(shí)驗(yàn)課或勞技課,而要讓學(xué)生用英語(yǔ)來(lái)描述操作過(guò)程,這樣才切合英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的目標(biāo)。比如,教學(xué)用英語(yǔ)描述“How to make an apple milk shake”,活動(dòng)過(guò)程可以這樣設(shè)計(jì):
①Review the process of how to make a banana milk shake.
②Discuss the ingredients of an apple milk shake.
③Discuss the process of how to make an apple milk shake.
④Get two or three groups to demonstrate.
教學(xué)目標(biāo)是教學(xué)活動(dòng)的出發(fā)點(diǎn)和歸宿,本課的“復(fù)習(xí)”“討論”“匯報(bào)”等活動(dòng),始終沒(méi)有離開(kāi)學(xué)英語(yǔ)、用英語(yǔ)這一目標(biāo)。
5.可行性。教師在設(shè)計(jì)活動(dòng)時(shí)應(yīng)充分考慮學(xué)生的認(rèn)知水平和生活經(jīng)驗(yàn),只有這樣,才能確?;顒?dòng)實(shí)施的可行性。
6.生成性。強(qiáng)調(diào)活動(dòng)的可變性和靈活性,要求教師關(guān)注活動(dòng)的全過(guò)程。活動(dòng)的生成性要從學(xué)生的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和興趣出發(fā),在語(yǔ)言實(shí)踐中產(chǎn)生,這才是真正的生成。在實(shí)際教學(xué)中,教師有必要對(duì)活動(dòng)進(jìn)行預(yù)設(shè),但不能完全依賴(lài)預(yù)設(shè),否則就會(huì)造成只有預(yù)設(shè)的精彩而沒(méi)有生成的精彩。
除了上述6種基本原則,教學(xué)活動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)施還應(yīng)關(guān)注活動(dòng)的多樣性、靈活性和益智性等??傊?,教師應(yīng)面向全體學(xué)生,為全體學(xué)生的可持續(xù)發(fā)展構(gòu)建平臺(tái),調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生參與活動(dòng)的積極性,以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的綜合語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力為目標(biāo),創(chuàng)造性地使用教材,將活動(dòng)與語(yǔ)言實(shí)踐相結(jié)合,達(dá)到最優(yōu)的教學(xué)效果。
【關(guān)鍵詞】圖示理論;說(shuō);劇本
《初中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》要求7-9年級(jí)分別完成三、四、五級(jí)目標(biāo),其中八年級(jí)的四級(jí)目標(biāo)明確指出,“能在所設(shè)日常交際情景中聽(tīng)懂對(duì)話(huà)和小故事。能就熟悉的生活話(huà)題交流信息和簡(jiǎn)單的意見(jiàn)。能讀懂短篇故事?!比绾巫寣W(xué)生的所學(xué)到的英語(yǔ)活起來(lái),能應(yīng)用到生活中,有課堂走向課外,我嘗試用圖示理論來(lái)將兩者有效結(jié)合,最終達(dá)到讓我們的課堂真正的和諧高效起來(lái)。
一、初中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中存在的問(wèn)題
現(xiàn)階段的初中英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)教學(xué)仍存在以下特點(diǎn):
①教師在傳統(tǒng)考試的應(yīng)試教學(xué)模式下傾向?qū)φZ(yǔ)法、詞匯、單詞記憶等知識(shí)的積聚,而忽略了學(xué)生的口頭表達(dá)能力,以致很多學(xué)生學(xué)的仍然是“啞巴英語(yǔ)”。②現(xiàn)階段很多外語(yǔ)教師在中學(xué)課堂采用的口語(yǔ)教學(xué)還是很古老,如“口頭問(wèn)答”是外語(yǔ)教學(xué)中最傳統(tǒng)的方法之一,至今仍具有很強(qiáng)的生命力,問(wèn)答可以根據(jù)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)與結(jié)構(gòu)的要求進(jìn)行,如顏色、交通工具等練習(xí)可以通過(guò)一問(wèn)一答進(jìn)行操練,達(dá)到鞏固語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的教學(xué)目的。
二、圖式理論的概念
圖示理論首先由皮亞杰提出。他認(rèn)為,圖示是指?jìng)€(gè)體對(duì)世界的知覺(jué),理解和思考的方式,是人類(lèi)心理活動(dòng)的框架或組織結(jié)構(gòu),是人類(lèi)認(rèn)識(shí)事物的基礎(chǔ)。
三、圖式理論讓英語(yǔ)活起來(lái),高效利用課堂
1.新知輸入,構(gòu)建語(yǔ)言圖示
在我教授《新目標(biāo)英語(yǔ)go for it》八年級(jí)上冊(cè)的時(shí)候, 首先我是按照大綱要求給學(xué)生輸入每個(gè)單元的重難點(diǎn),并進(jìn)行相關(guān)的講解和練習(xí),讓學(xué)生熟悉單詞、語(yǔ)法、習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)等語(yǔ)言知識(shí),構(gòu)建起語(yǔ)言圖示。然后讓學(xué)生做有關(guān)該單元主題的口頭練習(xí),練習(xí)包括設(shè)定環(huán)境讓學(xué)生對(duì)話(huà)練習(xí),學(xué)生連貫地?cái)⑹鏊?tīng)過(guò)或讀過(guò)的材料。在學(xué)生復(fù)述的過(guò)程中,他們要將聽(tīng)到、看到和讀到的知識(shí)和內(nèi)容進(jìn)行思考、加工,用自己的語(yǔ)言口頭表達(dá)出來(lái)。
2.教授相關(guān)背景知識(shí),構(gòu)建內(nèi)容圖示
在系統(tǒng)的學(xué)習(xí)了每個(gè)單元的知識(shí)點(diǎn)后,我們還需要給學(xué)生輸入一些相關(guān)的背景知識(shí),當(dāng)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)家Krashen提出“i+1”的輸入假設(shè):只有在接受足夠的“輸入”,學(xué)生才有教好的“輸出”。 在新課程的英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中,不僅要讓學(xué)生掌握知識(shí)、技能,還應(yīng)根據(jù)學(xué)生的年齡特點(diǎn)和認(rèn)知能力,逐步擴(kuò)展文化知識(shí)的內(nèi)容和范圍。
3.自編自導(dǎo),活學(xué)活用
在學(xué)完八上的四個(gè)單元后,語(yǔ)言圖示,內(nèi)容圖示也都完備的情況下,我們就可以進(jìn)行自編自導(dǎo),對(duì)語(yǔ)言的活學(xué)活用了。
鑒于國(guó)情,在學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)時(shí)沒(méi)有大量張口說(shuō)的環(huán)境,我們就自設(shè)情景。首先按照學(xué)生的座位就近將學(xué)生分為六組,每組八人,小組中選擇一位組長(zhǎng),該組長(zhǎng)將所學(xué)的前四個(gè)單元按照內(nèi)容進(jìn)行有效整合,設(shè)定人物為八人,場(chǎng)所按照需要內(nèi)容發(fā)生變化,簡(jiǎn)單講就是讓學(xué)生提煉出腦海中的語(yǔ)言圖示和內(nèi)容圖示編寫(xiě)英文劇本,可以根據(jù)本組內(nèi)八名學(xué)生的掌握程度有意識(shí)的增減臺(tái)詞,爭(zhēng)取讓每個(gè)學(xué)生都參與進(jìn)來(lái),同時(shí)有勇氣大聲的說(shuō)。
以下為其中一組的劇本(節(jié)選):
The phone is ringing……
Dave: Hello, this is Dave.
Aunt: Hi, Dave. This is Tina.
Dave: Oh, aunt. What’s up?
Aunt: I want to take a vacation with your uncle this summer holiday. But , you know , your cousin Anna is too young. I can’t take her. So , if you are free , please come and babysit Anna . Ok?
Dave: Ummm……Sure . When are you taking a vacation?
Aunt:On June 17th.
Dave: Opse, I’m going to your home on June 16th.
Aunt:Ok. Thank you.
……
Summer holiday is coming……
Mother: Hey, Dave where do you want to go this summer holiday?
Dave: I’m going to babysit my cousin, Anna.
Mother: Anna? Can you?
Dave: Sure!
Mother: Oh? Hahahahahahaha! It’s difficult to babysit kids.
Dave: I know!
Mother: Ok. Ok. So, when are you leaving for your aunt’s home?
Dave: On June 16th.
Mother: Ok. Have a good time. And……Good luck!
。。。。。。
(In the shop)
Salesman: Can I help you?
Dave: Yes, please. She wants to buy a dress. But I can’t choose a good one for her.
Salesman: Oh~ Girl, which one do you like best?
Anna: En…… That pink one.
(After a long time……)
Anna: Dave, I’m not faaling(feeling) very well.
Dave: What’s the matter?
Anna: I have a stomachache.
Dave: That’s too bad! Oh! The fried chicken!! It must be very unhealthy!
Anna: Oh~~~~~~
Dave: Hey, how do we get to the hospital?
Salesman: Oh, first go straight and turn left. Then you can see a bus stop. Take the NO.33 bus. Then you can see a hospital.
Dave: Thanks a lot. (Run out of the shop)
……
這個(gè)劇本基本上包括了我們四個(gè)單元的重點(diǎn)句子,并且恰當(dāng)?shù)挠迷诹松町?dāng)中。
我們的計(jì)分方法是:劇本切題10分,道具合景10分,表演自然10分,滿(mǎn)分共30分。由于劇本定稿后,學(xué)生有一到兩周的準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間,所以每個(gè)學(xué)生,包括后進(jìn)生,平時(shí)不太敢大聲說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的學(xué)生都進(jìn)行了練習(xí),在表演時(shí)雖有笑場(chǎng),但也算是完成了個(gè)人角色的表演。
四、結(jié)束語(yǔ)
聽(tīng)說(shuō)讀寫(xiě)是初中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中的四項(xiàng)基本技能,圖示理論的運(yùn)用在很大程度上將四者有機(jī)結(jié)合起來(lái)。而將課堂中的說(shuō)應(yīng)用到生活中,走出課堂單一的教學(xué),讓學(xué)生所學(xué)的知識(shí)真正的活起來(lái)。
參考文獻(xiàn):
【關(guān)鍵詞】初中英語(yǔ) 教學(xué)效率 提高
在傳統(tǒng)初中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)模式中,教師通常采用較為固定的教學(xué)思路,教學(xué)方案以機(jī)械性教學(xué)為主,雖然部分教師能夠按時(shí)完成教學(xué)任務(wù),但是學(xué)生們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)質(zhì)量和英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)能力上并沒(méi)有獲得充分的鍛煉。在新時(shí)期教學(xué)環(huán)境下,教師要能夠做到靈活應(yīng)變,采取多元教學(xué)措施,切實(shí)提高學(xué)生們的英語(yǔ)素養(yǎng)與思維能力。
一、加強(qiáng)備課訓(xùn)練,挖掘?qū)W生主體作用
在初中英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)改進(jìn)過(guò)程中,教師要想充分提高英語(yǔ)課堂的教學(xué)效率,必須要積極貫徹課前準(zhǔn)備環(huán)節(jié)理念,從而提高學(xué)生們的資源吸收能力,讓學(xué)生們能夠?qū)W會(huì)利用自身固有英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)優(yōu)勢(shì)。在初中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)新形勢(shì)下,學(xué)生是課堂教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)的重要主體,教師一定要充分挖掘?qū)W生們?cè)谟⒄Z(yǔ)課堂上的主體作用,讓學(xué)生們?cè)诮處煹募榷ń虒W(xué)準(zhǔn)備環(huán)節(jié)中發(fā)現(xiàn)更多的課堂問(wèn)題,并能夠做到分析問(wèn)題與解決問(wèn)題。同時(shí),在備課環(huán)節(jié)中,教師還可以通過(guò)備課內(nèi)容來(lái)烘托課堂互動(dòng)環(huán)節(jié),使得教師與學(xué)生在課堂上充分汲取英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn),獲得充分鍛煉。
比如,在人教版初中英語(yǔ)教材新目標(biāo)版七年級(jí)上冊(cè)Unit 2《This is my sister》的教學(xué)過(guò)程中,我在課前進(jìn)行了充分的教學(xué)內(nèi)容準(zhǔn)備。首先,就本單元的教學(xué)內(nèi)容主題來(lái)看,主要以“介紹他人,確認(rèn)任務(wù)”為主,與學(xué)生們的日常生活息息相關(guān)。其次,我從本單元的單詞內(nèi)容出發(fā),進(jìn)行了“介紹他人,確認(rèn)任務(wù)”內(nèi)容主體的搭建,使得學(xué)生們?cè)谡n堂上能夠熟練把握本單元的學(xué)習(xí)重點(diǎn),在有限的初中英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)時(shí)間內(nèi)汲取更多的課堂知識(shí)點(diǎn)。通過(guò)課堂準(zhǔn)備環(huán)節(jié),我給學(xué)生們?cè)O(shè)置了這樣幾個(gè)問(wèn)題:(1)take turns to talk about your family;(2)cover the name and answer the “name”。讓學(xué)生們?cè)谶@些問(wèn)題的引導(dǎo)下,逐步進(jìn)入英語(yǔ)高效課堂主線(xiàn),從而獲得更好的發(fā)展與提升,并且能夠通過(guò)這些問(wèn)題來(lái)與教師和同學(xué)進(jìn)行深入交流,為學(xué)生們的英語(yǔ)能力發(fā)展提供更好的平臺(tái)。
二、渲染生動(dòng)的英語(yǔ)課堂氛圍
教師要想在階段性教學(xué)過(guò)程中充分提升初中英語(yǔ)課堂的教學(xué)效率和教學(xué)質(zhì)量,教師必須從英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)氛圍下手,著重渲染高效、生動(dòng)和趣味的課堂氛圍,從而讓學(xué)生們能夠更好地獲得汲取知識(shí)點(diǎn)的途徑。對(duì)于英語(yǔ)這一語(yǔ)言學(xué)科而言,教師需要充分開(kāi)拓語(yǔ)言情境氛圍,使得學(xué)生們能夠從語(yǔ)言情境中體驗(yàn)出英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言文化的精髓,讓他們意識(shí)到他們不僅僅是在學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言知識(shí),同時(shí)也在學(xué)習(xí)國(guó)外文化。那么,教師應(yīng)該如何在初中英語(yǔ)課堂中渲染良好的教學(xué)氛圍呢,筆者認(rèn)為教師首先應(yīng)該對(duì)初中生的學(xué)習(xí)方法和性格特征有一個(gè)大體的把握,在制定教學(xué)方案時(shí)秉持“因材施教、靈活應(yīng)變”的原則。其次,教師可以適當(dāng)?shù)卦O(shè)計(jì)師生對(duì)話(huà)、電影聽(tīng)說(shuō)訓(xùn)練等項(xiàng)目,讓學(xué)生們始終處于與教師互動(dòng)的動(dòng)態(tài)發(fā)展過(guò)程中,在電影聽(tīng)說(shuō)項(xiàng)目的訓(xùn)練下,學(xué)生們能夠有效擺脫“啞巴英語(yǔ)”的束縛與限制,實(shí)現(xiàn)英語(yǔ)能力的綜合性提高。
比如,在人教版初中英語(yǔ)教材新目標(biāo)版八年級(jí)下冊(cè)Unit 5《What were you doing when the rainstorm come?》的教學(xué)過(guò)程中,我充分貫徹課堂教學(xué)氛圍趣味化渲染理念,讓學(xué)生們?cè)谟⒄Z(yǔ)課堂上學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí)的同時(shí)感受到學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的快樂(lè),進(jìn)一步激發(fā)出探究英語(yǔ)知識(shí)的欲望。我以“rainstorm”為主題設(shè)置了一場(chǎng)主題交流探討會(huì),讓學(xué)生們運(yùn)用自身掌握的英語(yǔ)單詞、語(yǔ)法知識(shí)進(jìn)行互動(dòng)與交流,探討倘若在學(xué)校中遇到“rainstorm”,會(huì)采取什么樣的措施,以及怎樣尋求幫助等等,使得學(xué)生們置身于形象、生動(dòng)的情境之中,獲得一定的情感體驗(yàn),促進(jìn)其語(yǔ)言交流元素的滋生與鍛煉。為了給予學(xué)生們更多的情感體驗(yàn),我從各種電影素材中篩選出了與“rainstorm”相關(guān)的橋段,讓學(xué)生們觀看這些英文電影片段,獲得感性元素的提煉與內(nèi)化。
三、以評(píng)價(jià)促提升,采取多元評(píng)價(jià)措施
在教學(xué)新時(shí)期中,教師們要想充分提高學(xué)生們的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)能力,教師一定要能夠靈活結(jié)合評(píng)價(jià)體系,通過(guò)有效踐行評(píng)價(jià)措施來(lái)幫助學(xué)生們獲得英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)自信心和更多的學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)力。多元化評(píng)價(jià)體系是當(dāng)前教學(xué)階段中切合初中生英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)思維的有效評(píng)價(jià)方案,它不再采用傳統(tǒng)的單一化評(píng)價(jià)元素,而是充分考慮到學(xué)生們的綜合素質(zhì)發(fā)展特性以及動(dòng)態(tài)發(fā)展的過(guò)程,使其能夠充分意識(shí)到自己在英語(yǔ)課堂中所獲得的一點(diǎn)一滴進(jìn)步,并且進(jìn)一步提高自身學(xué)習(xí)能動(dòng)性和自主性。
比如,在人教版初中英語(yǔ)教材新目標(biāo)版八年級(jí)上冊(cè)Unit 9《Can you come to my party?》的教學(xué)過(guò)程中,我深入結(jié)合了多元評(píng)價(jià)體系進(jìn)行課堂改革,評(píng)價(jià)體系元素主要設(shè)置為以下幾點(diǎn):(1)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度的變化情況;(2)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)效率以及學(xué)習(xí)質(zhì)量的二元發(fā)展變化情況;(3)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)興趣變化,通過(guò)這三項(xiàng)元素來(lái)對(duì)每一位學(xué)生進(jìn)行合理評(píng)價(jià),讓他們?cè)谥獣宰陨碛⒄Z(yǔ)能力發(fā)展的同時(shí)明確目標(biāo),在初中英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)改革大環(huán)境下逐漸提升自身競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。
結(jié)語(yǔ):英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)效率的提高不僅給學(xué)生們提供一個(gè)堅(jiān)實(shí)有力的外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)憑條,更是讓教師們能夠在現(xiàn)代化教育環(huán)境下面臨學(xué)生差異性時(shí)采取多元化教學(xué)策略,不斷深化學(xué)生們的高效學(xué)習(xí)意識(shí),提高其綜合素養(yǎng)。教師要及時(shí)更新自身教學(xué)觀念,緊跟時(shí)代教育步伐,創(chuàng)造初中英語(yǔ)課堂高效模式的未來(lái)與明天。
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