法律文本經(jīng)常使用近義詞,近義詞組rectify,amend or modify體現(xiàn)了法律語(yǔ)言“準(zhǔn)確性”特征,譯為校正、修改和修正。法律英語(yǔ)也常使用大量的同義詞來(lái)表達(dá)同一概念的現(xiàn)象。這些同義詞組只表達(dá)一個(gè)含義,如fair and equitable(合理的)。譯者應(yīng)遵循“精煉性”,做到精練準(zhǔn)確。
3.動(dòng)詞名詞化
動(dòng)詞名詞化在法律英語(yǔ)中較普遍。漢語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞占優(yōu)勢(shì)的語(yǔ)言,所以英譯漢時(shí)應(yīng)將名詞翻譯為動(dòng)詞,以符合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)方式。如:the obligations under articles 3 and 4 do not apply to procedures provided in multilateral agreements concluded under the auspices of wipo relating to the acquisition or maintenance of intellectual property rights.劃線部分應(yīng)譯為動(dòng)詞:獲得和維護(hù)。
法律文書(shū)有時(shí)須使用意義模糊靈活的詞語(yǔ)去準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)法律概念或事實(shí)。如:necessary,as early as possible等,可譯為:所需和盡早,這些詞是對(duì)無(wú)法量定的情況進(jìn)行限制概括,體現(xiàn)了法律的“科學(xué)性”。
china shall establish or designate an official journal dedicated to the publication of all laws,regulations and other measures pertaining to or affecting trade in goods,services,trips or the control of foreign exchange and,after publication of its laws,regulations or other measures in such journal,shall provide a reasonable period for comment to the appropriate authorities before such measures are implemented,except for those laws,regulations and other measures involving national security,specific measures setting foreign exchange rates or monetary policy and other measures the publication of which would impede law enforcement.
通過(guò)對(duì)該句邏輯和語(yǔ)意進(jìn)行分析,找出其主干:china establish or designate journal and provide a period.其中“dedicated...”用來(lái)修飾“official journal”;而“after...”“before...”是第二個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的狀語(yǔ),“except for...”是補(bǔ)充,補(bǔ)充的內(nèi)容包含三方面,并有各自的修飾限定語(yǔ)。
語(yǔ)言的多義性說(shuō)明在不同語(yǔ)境和不同文本下,同樣的字詞可能具有不同的意義。Grice進(jìn)一步指出明不(what is said)和暗含(what is implied)也存在差別。后格萊斯時(shí)代的學(xué)者雖對(duì)他的這一理念提出了質(zhì)疑(Jaszezolt,2004),但語(yǔ)言的多義性給我們提供一種解釋的可能,雖然它也常常誤導(dǎo)我們做出錯(cuò)誤的理解,這也是為什么我們要探討法律英語(yǔ)文本語(yǔ)境下語(yǔ)義的法律轉(zhuǎn)向的原因之一。
由于法律英語(yǔ)中的修飾語(yǔ)很多,位置又變化不定,翻譯出來(lái),帶“的”字結(jié)構(gòu)的句子就很常見(jiàn),而這種結(jié)構(gòu)又呈現(xiàn)whoever式、anyone who式和no one who式等多種形式。
例3 Anyone who has reached the level of a graduate from the faculty of medicine of a university or a polytechnic school and, under the guidance of a licensed doctor, worked on probation for at least one year in the medical treatment, disease-prevention or health care institution may take the examinations for the qualification of an assistant doctor.
譯文1 This law formulated with a view to developing the foreign trade, maintaining the foreign trade order and promoting a healthy development of socialist market economy.
譯文2 This law is formed and enacted in order to develop the foreign trade, maintain the foreign trade order and promote a healthy development of the socialist market economy.
從詞匯來(lái)看,將“制定”譯為“formulated”不是很準(zhǔn)確。根據(jù)《牛津現(xiàn)代高級(jí)英文詞典》,formulate意為express clearly and exactly,即明確表達(dá)。比如formulate ones thought’s/ a doctrine明確表達(dá)思想或宗旨。而法律英語(yǔ)中的“制定法律”,應(yīng)用enact。按上述詞典定義,enact意為make decree,ordain,即制定法律、頒令、規(guī)定。比如,enact a law制定法律。
.or for 8 wrong or tort.從以上例句可以看到:在法律英語(yǔ)中不僅可以將漢語(yǔ)中帶有“被、受、由”等表被動(dòng)意義的詞的句子表述為被動(dòng)句,而且還可以大量地將漢語(yǔ)中的主動(dòng)句、無(wú)主句以及判斷句等用被動(dòng)句來(lái)表示.從而構(gòu)成了法律莢語(yǔ)句型結(jié)構(gòu)的又一大特色。這可能與漢語(yǔ)文化中主動(dòng)句結(jié)構(gòu)更易被理解及接受的原因有關(guān).因此。在將法律英語(yǔ)翻譯成中文時(shí),應(yīng)根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)的理解習(xí)慣,可適當(dāng)將英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)句翻譯成漢語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句.三、高頻率使用條款句和平行并列結(jié)構(gòu).適當(dāng)使用短句、省略句.表意簡(jiǎn)潔醒目為便于執(zhí)法人員和公民記憶、查找。法律文書(shū)應(yīng)簡(jiǎn)潔、醒目。
:compulsion shall not be permitted.以上兩例中.例(4)在翻譯“維護(hù)”時(shí)省略了上文已經(jīng)提到的動(dòng)詞“維護(hù)(Safeguarding)”.例(5)省去了動(dòng)詞“達(dá)成”。既可使行文簡(jiǎn)潔,也使文體更為正式。
在該句中,以“除非”引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)。根據(jù)句子的平衡需要,我們可以把它置于句首,也可以放在主句的后面。但對(duì)于此句中的狀語(yǔ)“在董事會(huì)議上(at any meeting)”,在翻譯中的位置處理需更為細(xì)致。一般情況下,表示“地點(diǎn)”的狀語(yǔ)應(yīng)該放在謂語(yǔ)的后面。如:外資企業(yè)可以在中國(guó)市場(chǎng)銷(xiāo)售其產(chǎn)品。
與其定語(yǔ)。會(huì)議通知未列明的事項(xiàng)十分密切。我們盡量不把置于其問(wèn)。再者,如果按照一般的英語(yǔ)表達(dá)規(guī)律,把狀語(yǔ)at any meeting放在in the notice of meeting的后面.表達(dá)為,不但念起來(lái)拗口。還有可能引起歧義。因?yàn)榘凑沼⒄Z(yǔ)。就近修飾”的語(yǔ)法規(guī)則來(lái)看的話(huà),也可以修飾specified。因此,為避免這種出現(xiàn)語(yǔ)病的情況,我們應(yīng)將狀語(yǔ)at any meeting放在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的前面。
此外,在其他國(guó)家旅游的時(shí)候,也要了解這個(gè)國(guó)家的迷信與禁忌,比如It is unlucky to have a black cat cross the road in front of you.這句話(huà)的意思是黑色的貓?jiān)谀忝媲白哌^(guò),將會(huì)給你帶來(lái)厄運(yùn)。因?yàn)楹谪堅(jiān)谖鞣絿?guó)家是巫婆與惡勢(shì)力的象征,而 black這個(gè)詞在美國(guó)也是禁忌語(yǔ),如果這些禁忌語(yǔ)說(shuō)得過(guò)多,還會(huì)引起不必要的麻煩。
學(xué)習(xí)法律英語(yǔ),千萬(wàn)不能想當(dāng)然,遇有可疑之處一定要查字典。我們也不能拿普通英語(yǔ)字典來(lái)將就,一定要用權(quán)威的法律辭典,用原版的法律辭典效果更佳。目前全球公認(rèn)的最權(quán)威的法律辭典應(yīng)當(dāng)是《布萊克法律辭典》——“Black’s Law Dictionary”。 在國(guó)外,它的地位與作用相當(dāng)于我們的《辭?!?,其實(shí)早已不僅是一種語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)的工具書(shū),而已成為一種實(shí)用的辭書(shū)。另外比較好的法律辭典還有《牛津法律辭典》——“Dictionary of Law, Oxford”。我們還可以充分利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源, 如 dictionary.law.com; dictionary.findlaw.com. 當(dāng)然,剛開(kāi)始用原版的法律辭典可能有些不習(xí)慣,但從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)看,是非常有好處的。
第二、學(xué)會(huì)分析和使用長(zhǎng)句。
前面已經(jīng)提到法律英語(yǔ)中多使用長(zhǎng)句結(jié)構(gòu),遇到長(zhǎng)句我們也不用驚慌,先從語(yǔ)法分析入手,找出句子的中心內(nèi)容,將其進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)分析,再探析句子中包含的幾層含義以及各層含義的分句間的相互關(guān)系。例如:Article 113: If either partyfails to perform its obligations under the contract or does not perform itsobligations as contracted and thus causes losses to the other party, the amountof compensation for the loss shall be equivalent to the loss actually caused bythe breach of contract and shall include the profit obtainable after theperformance of the contract, but shall not exceed the sum of the loss thatmight be caused by a breach of contract and has been anticipated or ought to beanticipated by the breaching party in the making of the contract. 在這則由近百個(gè)單詞表述的法律條款中,只是由一個(gè)條件句,邏輯連接詞and和or 構(gòu)成的并列形式以及一些修飾限定成分構(gòu)成。根據(jù)英美國(guó)家的法律法規(guī)和我國(guó)的法律法規(guī)的英譯本的情況,我們可以把法律英語(yǔ)的句法結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)大體歸納為:多以條件句為主構(gòu)成的長(zhǎng)句表達(dá)結(jié)構(gòu),邏輯連接詞and和or在句中發(fā)揮重要的邏輯銜接作用,其它的修飾限定成分(qualifications)起到進(jìn)一步明確具體細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容的作用。
法律文本經(jīng)常使用近義詞,近義詞組rectify,amend or modify體現(xiàn)了法律語(yǔ)言“準(zhǔn)確性”特征,譯為校正、修改和修正。法律英語(yǔ)也常使用大量的同義詞來(lái)表達(dá)同一概念的現(xiàn)象。這些同義詞組只表達(dá)一個(gè)含義,如fair and equitable(合理的)。譯者應(yīng)遵循“精煉性”,做到精練準(zhǔn)確。
3.動(dòng)詞名詞化
動(dòng)詞名詞化在法律英語(yǔ)中較普遍。漢語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞占優(yōu)勢(shì)的語(yǔ)言,所以英譯漢時(shí)應(yīng)將名詞翻譯為動(dòng)詞,以符合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)方式。如:The obligations under Articles 3 and 4 do not apply to procedures provided in multilateral agreements concluded under the auspices of WIPO relating to the acquisition or maintenance of intellectual property rights.劃線部分應(yīng)譯為動(dòng)詞:獲得和維護(hù)。
法律文書(shū)有時(shí)須使用意義模糊靈活的詞語(yǔ)去準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)法律概念或事實(shí)。如:necessary,as early as possible等,可譯為:所需和盡早,這些詞是對(duì)無(wú)法量定的情況進(jìn)行限制概括,體現(xiàn)了法律的“科學(xué)性”。
China shall establish or designate an official journal dedicated to the publication of all laws,regulations and other measures pertaining to or affecting trade in goods,services,TRIPS or the control of foreign exchange and,after publication of its laws,regulations or other measures in such journal,shall provide a reasonable period for comment to the appropriate authorities before such measures are implemented,except for those laws,regulations and other measures involving national security,specific measures setting foreign exchange rates or monetary policy and other measures the publication of which would impede law enforcement.
通過(guò)對(duì)該句邏輯和語(yǔ)意進(jìn)行分析,找出其主干:China establish or designate journal and provide a period.其中“dedicated...”用來(lái)修飾“official journal”;而“after...”“before...”是第二個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的狀語(yǔ),“except for...”是補(bǔ)充,補(bǔ)充的內(nèi)容包含三方面,并有各自的修飾限定語(yǔ)。
法律文本經(jīng)常使用近義詞,近義詞組rectify,amend or modify體現(xiàn)了法律語(yǔ)言“準(zhǔn)確性”特征,譯為校正、修改和修正。法律英語(yǔ)也常使用大量的同義詞來(lái)表達(dá)同一概念的現(xiàn)象。這些同義詞組只表達(dá)一個(gè)含義,如fair and equitable(合理的)。譯者應(yīng)遵循“精煉性”,做到精練準(zhǔn)確。
3.動(dòng)詞名詞化
動(dòng)詞名詞化在法律英語(yǔ)中較普遍。漢語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞占優(yōu)勢(shì)的語(yǔ)言,所以英譯漢時(shí)應(yīng)將名詞翻譯為動(dòng)詞,以符合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)方式。如:The obligations under Articles 3 and 4 do not apply to procedures provided in multilateral agreements concluded under the auspices of WIPO relating to the acquisition or maintenance of intellectual property rights.劃線部分應(yīng)譯為動(dòng)詞:獲得和維護(hù)。
法律文書(shū)有時(shí)須使用意義模糊靈活的詞語(yǔ)去準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)法律概念或事實(shí)。如:necessary,as early as possible等,可譯為:所需和盡早,這些詞是對(duì)無(wú)法量定的情況進(jìn)行限制概括,體現(xiàn)了法律的“科學(xué)性”。
China shall establish or designate an official journal dedicated to the publication of all laws,regulations and other measures pertaining to or affecting trade in goods,services,TRIPS or the control of foreign exchange and,after publication of its laws,regulations or other measures in such journal,shall provide a reasonable period for comment to the appropriate authorities before such measures are implemented,except for those laws,regulations and other measures involving national security,specific measures setting foreign exchange rates or monetary policy and other measures the publication of which would impede law enforcement.
通過(guò)對(duì)該句邏輯和語(yǔ)意進(jìn)行分析,找出其主干:China establish or designate journal and provide a period.其中“dedicated...”用來(lái)修飾“official journal”;而“after...”“before...”是第二個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的狀語(yǔ),“except for...”是補(bǔ)充,補(bǔ)充的內(nèi)容包含三方面,并有各自的修飾限定語(yǔ)。